xearth(1) KLJ (November 1999) xearth(1)
NAME
xearth - displays a shaded image of the Earth in an X window
SYNOPSIS
xearth [-proj proj_type ] [-pos pos_spec ] [-rot angle ]
[-sunpos sun_pos_spec ] [-mag factor ] [-size size_spec ]
[-shift shift_spec ] [-shade|-noshade] [-label|-nolabel]
[-labelpos geom ] [-markers|-nomarkers] [-markerfile file ]
[-showmarkers] [-stars|-nostars] [-starfreq frequency ]
[-bigstars percent ] [-grid|-nogrid] [-grid1 grid1 ] [-grid2
grid2 ] [-day pct ] [-night pct ] [-term pct ] [-gamma
gamma_value ] [-wait secs ] [-timewarp timewarp_factor ]
[-time fixed_time ] [-onepix|-twopix] [-mono|-nomono]
[-ncolors num_colors ] [-font font_name ] [-root|-noroot]
[-geometry geom ] [-title title ] [-iconname iconname ]
[-name name ] [-fork|-nofork] [-once|-noonce] [-nice
priority ] [-gif] [-ppm] [-display dpyname ] [-version]
DESCRIPTION
Xearth sets the X root window to an image of the Earth, as
seen from your favorite vantage point in space, correctly
shaded for the current position of the Sun. By default,
xearth updates the displayed image every five minutes. The
time between updates can be changed with the -wait option
(see below); updates can be disabled completely by using the
-once option (see below).
If desired, Xearth can be configured to create and render
into its own top-level X window instead of the root window;
see the -root, -noroot, and -geometry options (below).
Finally, xearth can also render directly into PPM and GIF
files instead of drawing into an X window; see the -ppm and
-gif options (below).
This man page documents version 1.1 of xearth.
OPTIONS
Xearth understands the following command line options
(corresponding X resources can be found in the following
section):
-proj proj_type
Specify the projection type xearth should use.
Supported projection types are mercator, orthographic,
and cylindrical; these can either be spelled out in
full or abbreviated to merc, orth, or cyl,
respectively. Xearth uses an orthographic projection by
default.
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xearth(1) KLJ (November 1999) xearth(1)-pos pos_spec
Specify the position from which the Earth should be
viewed. The pos_spec (position specifier) consists of a
keyword, possibly followed by additional arguments.
Valid keywords are: fixed, sunrel, orbit, moon, and
random. (If you're having problems getting xearth to
accept a position specifier as a command line argument,
make sure and read the comments about position
specifier delimiters and using explicit quoting in the
sixth paragraph following this one.)
The position specifier keyword fixed should be followed
by two arguments, interpreted as numerical values
indicating the latitude and longitude (expressed in
decimal degrees) of a viewing position that is fixed
with respect to the Earth's surface. Positive and
negative values of latitude correspond to positions
north and south of the equator, respectively. Positive
and negative values of longitude correspond to
positions east and west of Greenwich, respectively.
The position specifier keyword sunrel should be
followed by two arguments, interpreted as numerical
values indicating the offsets in latitude and longitude
(expressed in decimal degrees) of a viewing position
that is fixed with respect to the position of the Sun.
Positive and negative values of latitude and longitude
are interpreted as for the fixed keyword.
The position specifier keyword orbit should be followed
by two arguments, interpreted as numerical values
indicating the period (in hours) and orbital
inclination (in decimal degrees) of a simple circular
orbit; the viewing position follows this orbit. Astute
readers will surely note that these parameters are not
sufficient to uniquely specify a single circular orbit.
This problem is solved by limiting the space of
possible orbits to those positioned over 0 degrees
latitude, 0 degrees longitude at time zero (the Un*x
epoch, see time(3)).
The position specifier keyword moon should not be
followed by any arguments. When this keyword is used,
the viewing position is the current position of the
moon, recalculated at each update.
The position specifier keyword random should not be
followed by any arguments. When this keyword is used,
the viewing position is selected at random each time an
update occurs.
Components of a position specifier are delimited by
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either whitespace, forward slashes (/), or commas. Note
that using whitespace to separate position specifier
components when invoking xearth from a shell may
require explicit quoting to ensure the entire position
specifier is passed as a single argument. For example,
if you want to use spaces to delimit components and are
using a "typical" shell, you'd need to use something
like:
-pos "fixed 42.33 -71.08"
or
-pos 'fixed 42.33 -71.08'
to make things work. If you'd rather not have to
explicitly quote things, you can use forward slashes or
commas instead of spaces to separate components, as
shown below.
-pos fixed,42.33,-71.08
-pos fixed/42.33/-71.08
If a position specifier is not provided, xearth uses a
default position specifier of "sunrel 0 0" (such that
the entire day side of the Earth is always visible).
-rot angle
Specify a rotated viewing position such that the north
is not "straight up" in the center of the rendered
image. The angle can be specified either as a numeric
value or the keyword galactic. When angle is a
numeric, it represents the number of degrees by which
the image is to be rotated. Positive values of angle
rotate the rendered image counterclockwise; negative
values rotate the rendered image clockwise. The keyword
galactic orients the image so that the galactic north
is straight up: the sun is positioned somewhere on the
plane passing through the horizontal center of the
screen. The default value of angle is 0.
-sunpos sun_pos_spec
Specify a fixed point on the Earth's surface where the
Sun is always directly overhead. The sun_pos_spec (Sun
position specifier) consists of two components, both
numerical values; these components are interpreted as
the latitude and longitude (in decimal degrees) of the
point where the Sun is directly overhead.
The details provided for position specifiers (see
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above) about the interpretation of positive and
negative latitude and longitude values and the
characters used to delimit specifier components apply
to Sun position specifiers as well.
By default, xearth calculates the actual position of
the Sun and updates this position with the progression
of time.
-mag factor
Specify the magnification of the displayed image. When
the orthographic projection is in use, the diameter of
the rendered Earth image is factor times the shorter of
the width and height of the image (see the -size
option, below). For the mercator and cylindrical
projections, the width of the rendered image is factor
times the width of the image (see the -size option,
below). The default magnification factor is 1.
-size size_spec
Specify the size of the image to be rendered. The
size_spec (size specifier) consists of two components,
both positive integers; these components are
interpreted as the width and height (in pixels) of the
image.
The details provided for position specifiers (see
above) about the characters used to delimit specifier
components apply to size specifiers as well.
When rendering into the X root window, these values
default to the dimensions of the root window. When
producing a PPM or GIF file instead of drawing in the X
root window (see the -ppm and -gif options, below),
both values default to 512.
When rendering into its own top-level X window, any
values specified using this option are ignored;
dimensions for the top-level window can be specified
using the -geometry option.
-shift shift_spec
Specify that the center of the rendered Earth image
should be shifted by some amount from the center of the
image. The shift_spec (shift specifier) consists of two
components, both integers; these components are
interpreted as the offsets (in pixels) in the X and Y
directions.
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The details provided for position specifiers (see
above) about the characters used to delimit specifier
components apply to shift specifiers as well.
By default, the center of the rendered Earth image is
aligned with the center of the image.
-shade | -noshade
Enable/disable shading. When shading is enabled, the
surface of the Earth is shaded according to the current
position of the Sun (and the values provided for the
-day, -night, and -term options, below). When shading
is disabled, use flat colors (green and blue) to render
land and water. Shading is enabled by default.
-label | -nolabel
Enable/disable labeling. If labeling is enabled and
xearth is rendering into an X window, provide a label
that indicates the current date and time and current
viewing and sun positions. The position of the label
can be controlled using the -labelpos option (see
below). Labeling is disabled by default.
-labelpos geom
Specify where the label should be drawn. If labeling is
enabled and xearth is rendering into an X window, geom
is interpreted as the "position" part an X-style
geometry specification (e.g., {+-}<xoffset>{+-
}<yoffset>; positive and negative values of xoffset
denote offsets from the left and right edges of the
display, respectively; positive and negative values of
yoffset denote offsets from the top and bottom edges of
the display, respectively) indicating how the label
should be positioned. The label position defaults to
"-5-5" (i.e., five pixels inside the lower right-hand
corner of the display).
-markers | -nomarkers
Enable/disable markers. If markers are enabled and
xearth is rendering into an X window, display small red
circles and text labels indicating the location of
interesting places on the Earth's surface. Markers are
enabled by default.
-markerfile file
Specify a file from which user-defined marker data
(locations and names) should be read. Each line in the
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marker data file consists of three required components:
the latitude and longitude (expressed in decimal
degrees) followed by the text of the label that should
be used. Individual components are delimited by either
whitespace, forward slashes (/), or commas. Components
that need to include delimiter characters (e.g., a
multi-word label) should be enclosed in double quotes.
For example, a line in a typical marker data file might
look something like:
42.33 -71.08 "Boston, MA" # USA
Everything between a `#' character and the end of a
line, inclusive, is a considered to be a comment. Blank
lines and lines containing only comments are allowed.
In addition to the three required components, xearth
supports optional following "key=value" components. In
this version of xearth, the only supported "key" is
"align", which can be used to control where marker
labels are drawn in relation to the marker proper.
Supported alignment values are "left", "right",
"above", and "below"; the default behavior (if no
alignment is specified) is "align=right".
The marker data file is reread every time xearth
redraws an image into an X window. In this way, the
marker positions and labels can be dynamic (e.g., given
appropriate data sources, markers could be used to
encode hurricane positions, where earthquakes have
happened recently, temperatures at fixed locations, or
other forms of "real-time" data).
Xearth includes a built-in set of marker data for 76
major locations around the world. The built-in data can
be selected by specifying "built-in" for the file
argument; this is the default behavior. The built-in
set of marker data can be examined either by using the
-showmarkers option (see below) or by reading the
BUILT-IN file included with the xearth source
distribution (see OBTAINING THE XEARTH SOURCE
DISTRIBUTION, below).
-showmarkers
This option indicates that xearth should load the
marker data (whether built-in or user-specified), print
a copy of it to standard out in a form suitable for use
with the -markers option (see above), and then exit.
-stars | -nostars
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Enable/disable stars. If stars are enabled, the black
background of "space" is filled with a random pattern
of "stars" (individual white pixels). The fraction of
background pixels that are turned into stars can be
controlled with the -starfreq option (see below). Stars
are enabled by default.
-starfreq frequency
Set the density of the random star pattern (see -stars,
above); frequency indicates the fraction of background
pixels that should be turned into "stars". The default
value of frequency is 0.002.
-bigstars percent
Set the percentage of double-width stars (see -stars,
above); by default, all stars are a single pixel, but
this option can be used to create some stars that are
composed of two horizontal pixels. This provides a
slightly less uniform look to the "night sky".
-grid | -nogrid
Enable/disable the display of a longitude/latitude grid
on the Earth's surface. The spacing of major grid lines
and dots between major grid lines can be controlled
with the -grid1 and -grid2 options (see below). Grid
display is disabled by default.
-grid1 grid1
Specify the spacing of major grid lines if grid display
(see -grid, above) is enabled; major grid lines are
drawn with a 90/grid1 degree spacing. The default value
for grid1 is 6, corresponding to 15 degrees between
major grid lines.
-grid2 grid2
Specify the spacing of dots along major grid lines if
grid display (see -grid, above) is enabled. Along the
equator and lines of longitude, grid dots are drawn
with a 90/(grid1 x grid2) degree spacing. The spacing
of grid dots along parallels (lines of latitude) other
than the equator is adjusted to keep the surface
distance between grid dots approximately constant. The
default value for grid2 is 15; combined with the
default grid1 value of 6, this corresponds to placing
grid dots on a one degree spacing.
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xearth(1) KLJ (November 1999) xearth(1)-day pct
Specify the brightness that should be used to shade the
day side of the Earth when shading is enabled. Pct
should be an integer between 0 and 100, inclusive,
where 0 indicates total darkness and 100 indicates
total illumination. This value defaults to 100.
-night pct
Specify the brightness that should be used to shade the
night side of the Earth when shading is enabled. Pct
should be an integer between 0 and 100, inclusive,
where 0 indicates total darkness and 100 indicates
total illumination. This value defaults to 5 (if this
seems overly dark, you may want to double-check that
appropriate gamma correction is being employed; see
-gamma, below).
-term pct
Specify the shading discontinuity at the terminator
(day/night line). Pct should be an integer between 0
and 100, inclusive. A value of x indicates that the
shading should immediately jump x percent of the
difference between day and night shading values (see
-day and -night, above) when crossing from the night
side to the day side of the terminator. Thus a value of
0 indicates no discontinuity (the original xearth
behavior), and a value of 100 yields a maximal
discontinuity (such that the entire day side of the
earth is shaded with the -day shading value). This
value defaults to 1.
-gamma gamma_value
When xearth is rendering into an X window, adjust the
colors xearth uses by a gamma value. Values less than
1.0 yield darker colors; values greater than 1.0 yield
brighter colors. The default gamma_value is 1.0,
appropriate for use on systems with built-in gamma
correction. For systems without built-in gamma
correction, appropriate gamma values are often in the
2.3 to 2.6 range.
See the GAMMA-TEST file included with the xearth source
distribution for information about a simple test that
allows you to directly estimate the gamma of your
display system (see OBTAINING THE XEARTH SOURCE
DISTRIBUTION, below).
-wait secs
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When rendering into an X window, wait secs seconds
between updates. This value defaults to 300 seconds
(five minutes).
-timewarp timewarp_factor
Scale the apparent rate at which time progresses by
timewarp_factor. The default value of timewarp_factor
is 1.0.
-time fixed_time
Instead of using the current time to determine the
"value" of time-dependent positions (e.g., the position
the sun), use a particular fixed_time (expressed in
seconds since the Un*x epoch (see time(3)).
-onepix | -twopix
Specify whether xearth should use one or two pixmaps
when rendering into an X window. If only one pixmap is
used, partial redraws may be visible at times in the
window (when areas of the window are exposed and
redrawn during the time xearth is rendering the next
image). If two pixmaps are used, xearth uses them to
double-buffer changes such that partial redraws are
(almost?) never seen. Using only one pixmap has the
advantage of using quite a bit less memory in the X
server; this can be important in environments where
server-side memory is a fairly limited resource. Two
pixmaps is the default.
-mono | -nomono
If rendering into an X window, enable/disable
monochrome mode. Monochrome mode is enabled by default
on systems with one-bit framebuffers (see the "depth of
root window" information provided by xdpyinfo(1)) and
disabled by default otherwise.
-ncolors num_colors
If rendering into an X window or a GIF output file,
specify the number of colors that should be used. (If
markers are enabled (see -markers, above), the actual
number of colors used may be one larger than
num_colors.) The default value of num_colors is 64.
When rendering into an X window, the maximum allowable
value for num_colors is 1024. In practice, using values
of num_colors larger than twice the number of distinct
shades of red, green, or blue supported by your
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hardware is likely to provide little additional
benefit, or, in some cases, produce "banding" effects
in the image. Thus, on systems that can support 256
distinct shades of red, green, or blue (eight bits per
component), the largest practical value of num_colors
is around 512. Similarly, on systems that support only
five or six bits per component (e.g., many systems with
16-bit displays), the largest practical value of
num_colors is probably around 64.
When rendering into a GIF output file, the maximum
allowable value for num_colors is 256.
-font font_name
If rendering into an X window, use font_name for
drawing text labels (see -label and -markers, above).
By default, xearth uses the "variable" font.
-root | -noroot
When rendering into an X window, select whether xearth
should render into the X root window (-root) or create
and render into a top-level X window (-noroot). By
default, xearth renders into the X root window.
-geometry geom
Cause xearth to create and render into a top-level X
window with the specified geometry. When this option is
used, the -noroot option can be elided. Use of the
-root overrides the effect of -geometry. By default (if
-noroot is specified by no geometry is provided),
xearth uses a geometry of "512x512".
-title title
When rendering into a top-level X window, this option
can be used to specify the window title string that
might be displayed by a window manager. By default,
xearth uses a title of "xearth".
-iconname iconname
When rendering into a top-level X window, this option
can be used to specify the icon name that might be used
by a window manager for the window. By default, xearth
uses an icon name of "xearth".
-name name
When rendering into an X window, this option can be
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used to specify the application name under which X
resources are obtained, rather than the default
executable file name. The specified name should not
contain "." or "*" characters.
-fork | -nofork
When rendering into an X window, enable/disable
forking. If forking is enabled, xearth forks a child
process to handle all rendering calculations and screen
updates (in essence, automatically putting itself in
the background). Forking is disabled by default.
-once | -noonce
Disable/enable updates. If updates are enabled and
xearth is rendering into an X window, xearth updates
the displayed image periodically (the time between
updates can be controlled via the -wait option, above).
If updates are disabled, xearth only renders an image
once and then exits. Updates are enabled by default.
-nice priority
Run the xearth process with priority priority (see
nice(1) and setpriority(2)). By default, xearth runs at
the priority of the process that invoked it, usually 0.
-gif Instead of drawing in an X window, write a GIF file
(eight-bit color) to standard out.
-ppm Instead of drawing in an X window, write a PPM file
(24-bit color) to standard out.
-display dpyname
Attempt to connect to the X display named dpyname.
-version
Print what version of xearth this is.
X RESOURCES
The behavior of xearth can also be controlled using the
following X resources:
proj (projection type)
Specify the projection type xearth should use (see
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pos (position specifier)
Specify the position from which the Earth should be
viewed (see -pos, above).
rot (float)
Specify the viewing rotation (see -rot, above).
sunpos (sun position specifier)
Specify a fixed point on the Earth's surface where the
Sun is always directly overhead (see -sunpos, above).
mag (float)
Specify the magnification of the displayed image (see
-mag, above).
size (size specifier)
Specify the size of the image to be rendered (see
-size, above).
shift (shift specifier)
Specify that the center of the rendered Earth image
should be shifted by some amount from the center of the
image (see -shift, above).
shade (boolean)
Enable/disable shading (see -shade, above).
label (boolean)
Enable/disable labeling (see -label, above).
labelpos (geometry)
Specify where the label should be drawn (see -labelpos,
above).
markers (boolean)
Enable/disable markers (see -markers, above).
markerfile (file name)
Specify a file from which user-defined marker data
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(locations and names) should be read (see -markerfile,
above).
stars (boolean)
Enable/disable stars (see -stars, above).
starfreq (float)
Set the density of the random star pattern (see
-starfreq, above).
bigstars (int)
Set the percentage of stars that are double width (see
-bigstars, above).
grid (boolean)
Enable/disable the display of a longitude/latitude grid
on the Earth's surface (see -grid, above).
grid1 (integer)
Specify the spacing of major grid lines if grid display
is enabled (see -grid1, above).
grid2 (integer)
Specify the spacing of dots along major grid lines if
grid display is enabled (see -grid2, above).
day (integer)
Specify the brightness that should be used to shade the
day side of the Earth when shading is enabled (see
-day, above).
night (integer)
Specify the brightness that should be used to shade the
night side of the Earth when shading is enabled (see
-night, above).
term (integer)
Specify the shading discontinuity at the terminator
(see -term, above).
gamma (float)
Specify the gamma correction xearth should use when
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selecting colors (see -gamma, above).
wait (integer)
Specify the delay between updates when rendering into
an X window (see -wait, above).
timewarp (float)
Specify the apparent rate at which time progresses (see
-timewarp, above).
time (integer)
Specify a particular fixed time that should be used to
determine the "value" of time-dependent positions (see
-time, above).
twopix (boolean)
Specify whether xearth should use one or two pixmaps
when rendering into an X window (see -onepix and
-twopix, above).
mono (boolean)
Specify whether xearth should use monochrome mode when
rendering into an X window (see -mono and -nomono,
above).
ncolors (integer)
Specify the number of colors xearth should use (see
-ncolors, above). The ncolors resource is only used
when rendering into an X window -- the number of colors
to use when rendering into a GIF file can only be
specified using the -ncolors command line option.
font (font name)
Use the named font for drawing text labels (see -font,
above).
root (boolean)
Specify whether xearth should render into the X root
window or a top-level X window (see -root, -noroot, and
-geometry, above).
geometry (geometry)
Specify the geometry of a top-level X window that
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above).
title (string)
When rendering into a top-level X window, specify the
window title that xearth should use (see -title,
above).
iconname (string)
When rendering into a top-level X window, specify the
icon name that xearth should use (see -iconname,
above).
fork (boolean)
When rendering into an X window, enable/disable the
automatic forking of a child process to handle the
updates (see -fork, above).
once (boolean)
When rendering into an X window, disable/enable updates
for the displayed image (see -once, above).
nice (integer)
Specify the priority at which the xearth process should
be run (see -nice, above).
OBTAINING THE XEARTH SOURCE DISTRIBUTION
The latest-and-greatest version of xearth should always be
available via a link from the xearth WWW home page (URL
http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~tuna/xearth/index.html), or, for
the web-deprived, via anonymous ftp from cag.lcs.mit.edu in
/pub/tuna.
NOTES
Thanks to Frank Solensky for the "-pos moon" and "-rot
galactic" stuff.
The map information used in xearth was derived from the "CIA
World Data Bank II map database," as taken from some "cbd"
files that were apparently originally generated by Brian
Reid at DEC WRL.
The Graphics Interchange Format(c) is the Copyright property
of CompuServe Incorporated. GIF(sm) is a Service Mark
property of CompuServe Incorporated.
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Thanks to Robert Berger for allowing me to include his nifty
gamma measurement image and associated text in the xearth
source distribution.
Thanks to Jamie Zawinski for suggesting that I look at his
xscreensaver package for a good example of how to use the
resource and command line option parts of Xt; his code saved
me piles of lossage.
Thanks to Chris Metcalf for the -bigstars stuff, a pile of
general source code cleaning, and spell checking everything
carefully.
Thanks to Chris Hayward, Chris Metcalf, Sherman Mui, Dan
Rich, and Leonard Zubkoff for giving the pre-release of
version 1.0 a test drive.
Kudos to Jef Poskanzer for his excellent PBMPLUS toolkit.
Finally, thanks to everybody that sent encouragement,
suggestions, and patches. Apologies to the many people whose
good ideas didn't make it into this release.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1993-1995, 1999 by Kirk Lauritz
Johnson
Portions of the xearth source code, as marked, are:
Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991 by Jim Frost
Copyright (C) 1992 by Jamie Zawinski <jwz@lucid.com>
Permission to use, copy, modify and freely distribute xearth
for non-commercial and not-for-profit purposes is hereby
granted without fee, provided that both the above copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in all copies and
in supporting documentation.
Unisys Corporation holds worldwide patent rights on the
Lempel Zev Welch (LZW) compression technique employed in the
CompuServe GIF image file format as well as in other
formats. Unisys has made it clear, however, that it does not
require licensing or fees to be paid for freely distributed,
non-commercial applications (such as xearth) that employ
LZW/GIF technology. Those wishing further information about
licensing the LZW patent should contact Unisys directly at
(lzw_info@unisys.com) or by writing to
Unisys Corporation
Welch Licensing Department
M/S-C1SW19
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P.O. Box 500
Blue Bell, PA 19424
The author makes no representations about the suitability of
this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is"
without express or implied warranty.
THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS
SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE
LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR
OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH
THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
AUTHOR
Kirk Johnson <tuna@indra.com>
Patches, bug reports, and suggestions are welcome, but I
can't guarantee that I'll get around to doing anything about
them in a timely fashion.
Page 17 (printed 11/10/99)
