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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

NAME
       ld - the GNU linker

SYNOPSIS
       ld     [-o output] objfile...
	      [-Aarchitecture] [-b input-format] [-Bstatic]
	      [-Bdynamic] [-Bsymbolic] [-c commandfile] [--cref]
	      [-d|-dc|-dp]
	      [-defsym symbol = expression] [--demangle]
	      [--no-demangle] [-e entry] [-embedded-relocs] [-E]
	      [-export-dynamic] [-f name] [--auxiliary name]
	      [-F name] [--filter name] [-format input-format]
	      [-g] [-G size] [-h name] [-soname name] [--help]
	      [-i] [-lar] [-Lsearchdir] [-M] [-Map mapfile] [-m
	      emulation] [-n|-N] [-noinhibit-exec]
	      [-no-keep-memory] [-no-warn-mismatch] [-Olevel]
	      [-oformat output-format] [-R filename] [-relax]
	      [-r|-Ur] [-rpath directory] [-rpath-link directory]
	      [-S] [-s] [-shared] [-sort-common]
	      [-split-by-reloc count] [-split-by-file]
	      [-T commandfile] [-Ttext textorg] [-Tdata dataorg]
	      [-Tbss bssorg] [-t] [-u sym] [-V] [-v] [--verbose]
	      [--version] [-warn-common] [-warn-constructors]
	      [-warn-multiple-gp] [-warn-once]
	      [-warn-section-align] [--whole-archive]
	      [--no-whole-archive] [--wrap symbol] [-X] [-x]

DESCRIPTION
       ld combines a number of object and  archive  files,  relo-
       cates  their data and ties up symbol references. Often the
       last step in building a new compiled program to run  is	a
       call to ld.

       ld  accepts  Linker  Command Language files to provide ex-
       plicit and total control over the linking  process.   This
       man  page  does not describe the command language; see the
       `ld' entry in `info', or the manual ld: the GNU	linker	,
       for  full details on the command language and on other as-
       pects of the GNU linker.

       This version of ld uses the general purpose BFD	libraries
       to  operate  on object files. This allows ld to read, com-
       bine, and write object files in many  different	formats--
       for  example,  COFF  or	a.out.	 Different formats may be
       linked together to produce any available	 kind  of  object
       file.   You  can use `objdump -i' to get a list of formats
       supported on various architectures; see objdump(1).

       Aside from its flexibility, the GNU linker is more helpful
       than  other  linkers  in providing diagnostic information.
       Many linkers abandon execution immediately upon encounter-
       ing  an	error; whenever possible, ld continues executing,
       allowing you to identify other errors (or, in some  cases,

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

       to get an output file in spite of the error).

       The GNU linker ld is meant to cover a broad range of situ-
       ations, and to be as compatible	as  possible  with  other
       linkers.	  As  a	 result, you have many choices to control
       its behavior through the command line, and  through  envi-
       ronment variables.

OPTIONS
       The  plethora  of command-line options may seem intimidat-
       ing, but in actual practice few of them are  used  in  any
       particular context.  For instance, a frequent use of ld is
       to link standard Unix object files on a standard, support-
       ed Unix system.	On such a system, to link a file hello.o:

       $ ld -o output /lib/crt0.o hello.o -lc

       This tells ld to produce a file called output as	 the  re-
       sult  of linking the file /lib/crt0.o with hello.o and the
       library libc.a which will come from  the	 standard  search
       directories.

       The command-line options to ld may be specified in any or-
       der, and may be repeated at will.  For the most part,  re-
       peating	an  option  with a different argument will either
       have no further	effect,	 or  override  prior  occurrences
       (those  further to the left on the command line) of an op-
       tion.

       The exceptions--which may meaningfully be used  more  than
       once--are  -A,  -b  (or its synonym -format), -defsym, -L,
       -l, -R, and -u.

       The list of object files to be linked together,	shown  as
       objfile, may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-
       line options; save that an objfile  argument  may  not  be
       placed between an option flag and its argument.

       Usually	the  linker  is	 invoked with at least one object
       file, but other forms of binary input files  can	 also  be
       specified  with	-l,  -R, and the script command language.
       If no binary input files at all are specified, the  linker
       does  not  produce  any output, and issues the message `No
       input files'.

       Option arguments must  either  follow  the  option  letter
       without	intervening  whitespace,  or be given as separate
       arguments immediately following the option  that	 requires
       them.

       -Aarchitecture
	      In the current release of ld, this option is useful

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

	      only for the Intel 960 family of architectures.  In
	      that ld configuration, the architecture argument is
	      one of the two-letter names identifying members  of
	      the  960	family;	 the option specifies the desired
	      output target, and warns of  any	incompatible  in-
	      structions  in  the  input files.	 It also modifies
	      the linker's search strategy for archive libraries,
	      to  support  the	use of libraries specific to each
	      particular architecture, by including in the search
	      loop names suffixed with the string identifying the
	      architecture.

	      For example,  if	your  ld  command  line	 included
	      `-ACA'  as  well	as `-ltry', the linker would look
	      (in its built-in search paths, and in any paths you
	      specify with -L) for a library with the names

	      try
	      libtry.a
	      tryca
	      libtryca.a

	      The  first two possibilities would be considered in
	      any event; the last two  are  due	 to  the  use  of
	      `-ACA'.

	      Future releases of ld may support similar function-
	      ality for other architecture families.

	      You can meaningfully use -A more	than  once  on	a
	      command line, if an architecture family allows com-
	      bination of target architectures; each use will add
	      another pair of name variants to search for when -l
	      specifies a library.

       -b input-format
	      Specify the binary format for  input  object  files
	      that  follow  this option on the command line.  You
	      don't usually need to specify this, as ld	 is  con-
	      figured  to  expect  as  a default input format the
	      most usual format on each machine.  input-format is
	      a text string, the name of a particular format sup-
	      ported by the BFD libraries.  -format  input-format
	      has  the	same  effect,  as does the script command
	      TARGET.

	      You may want to use this option if you are  linking
	      files  with an unusual binary format.  You can also
	      use -b to switch formats explicitly  (when  linking
	      object files of different formats), by including -b
	      input-format before each group of object files in a
	      particular format.

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

	      The  default  format  is taken from the environment
	      variable GNUTARGET.  You can also define the  input
	      format from a script, using the command TARGET.

       -Bstatic
	      Do not link against shared libraries.  This is only
	      meaningful on platforms for which shared	libraries
	      are supported.

       -Bdynamic
	      Link against dynamic libraries.  This is only mean-
	      ingful on platforms for which shared libraries  are
	      supported.   This option is normally the default on
	      such platforms.

       -Bsymbolic
	      When creating a shared library, bind references  to
	      global  symbols to the definition within the shared
	      library, if any.	Normally, it is	 possible  for	a
	      program linked against a shared library to override
	      the definition within the shared library.	 This op-
	      tion is only meaningful on ELF platforms which sup-
	      port shared libraries.

       -c commandfile
	      Directs ld to read link commands from the file com-
	      mandfile.	  These commands will completely override
	      ld's default link format	(rather	 than  adding  to
	      it);  commandfile must specify everything necessary
	      to describe the target format.

	      You may also include a script of link commands  di-
	      rectly in the command line by bracketing it between
	      `{' and `}' characters.

       --cref Output a cross reference table.  If  a  linker  map
	      file  is being generated, the cross reference table
	      is printed to  the  map  file.   Otherwise,  it  is
	      printed on the standard output.

       -d

       -dc

       -dp    These  three options are equivalent; multiple forms
	      are supported for compatibility with other linkers.
	      Use  any	of them to make ld assign space to common

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

	      symbols even if a relocatable output file is speci-
	      fied (-r).  The script command FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCA-
	      TION has the same effect.

       -defsym symbol = expression
	      Create a global symbol in the output file, contain-
	      ing  the absolute address given by expression.  You
	      may use this option as many times as  necessary  to
	      define  multiple	symbols	 in  the command line.	A
	      limited form of arithmetic is supported for the ex-
	      pression	in this context: you may give a hexadeci-
	      mal constant or the name of an existing symbol,  or
	      use  +  and  -  to add or subtract hexadecimal con-
	      stants or symbols.  If you need more elaborate  ex-
	      pressions,  consider  using the linker command lan-
	      guage from a script.

       --demangle

       --no-demangle
	      These options control whether  to	 demangle  symbol
	      names in error messages and other output.	 When the
	      linker is told to demangle,  it  tries  to  present
	      symbol names in a readable fashion: it strips lead-
	      ing underscores if they are used by the object file
	      format,  and converts C++ mangled symbol names into
	      user readable names.  The linker will  demangle  by
	      default	unless	 the  environment  variable  COL-
	      LECT_NO_DEMANGLE is set.	These options may be used
	      to override the default.

       -e entry
	       Use entry as the explicit symbol for beginning ex-
	      ecution of your program, rather  than  the  default
	      entry  point.   See  the `ld' entry in `info' for a
	      discussion of defaults and other ways of specifying
	      the entry point.

       -embedded-relocs
	      This  option  is	only meaningful when linking MIPS
	      embedded PIC code, generated by the  -membedded-pic
	      option to the GNU compiler and assembler.	 It caus-
	      es the linker to create a table which may	 be  used
	      at runtime to relocate any data which was statical-
	      ly initialized to pointer values.	 See the code  in
	      testsuite/ld-empic for details.

       -E


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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

       -export-dynamic
	      When  creating  an ELF file, add all symbols to the
	      dynamic symbol table.  Normally, the dynamic symbol
	      table contains only symbols which are used by a dy-
	      namic object.  This option is needed for some  uses
	      of dlopen.

       -f name

       --auxiliary name
	      When  creating an ELF shared object, set the inter-
	      nal DT_AUXILIARY field to the specified name.  This
	      tells  the  dynamic linker that the symbol table of
	      the shared object should be used	as  an	auxiliary
	      filter  on  the  symbol  table of the shared object
	      name.

       -F name

       --filter name
	      When creating an ELF shared object, set the  inter-
	      nal  DT_FILTER  field  to the specified name.  This
	      tells the dynamic linker that the symbol	table  of
	      the shared object should be used as a filter on the
	      symbol table of the shared object name.

       -format input-format
	      Synonym for -b input-format.

       -g     Accepted, but ignored; provided  for  compatibility
	      with other tools.

       -G size
	      Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized us-
	      ing the GP register to size under MIPS ECOFF.   Ig-
	      nored for other object file formats.

       -h name

       -soname name
	      When  creating an ELF shared object, set the inter-
	      nal DT_SONAME field to the specified name.  When an
	      executable is linked with a shared object which has
	      a DT_SONAME field, then when the executable is  run
	      the  dynamic linker will attempt to load the shared
	      object specified by the DT_SONAME field rather than
	      the using the file name given to the linker.

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

       --help Print  a summary of the command-line options on the
	      standard output and exit.	 This option  and  --ver-
	      sion  begin with two dashes instead of one for com-
	      patibility with other GNU programs.  The other  op-
	      tions  start  with  only one dash for compatibility
	      with other linkers.

       -i     Perform an incremental link (same as option -r).

       -lar    Add an archive file ar to the  list  of	files  to
	      link.  This option may be used any number of times.
	      ld will search its  path-list  for  occurrences  of
	      libar.a for every ar specified.

       -Lsearchdir
	      This  command  adds  path	 searchdir to the list of
	      paths that ld will search	 for  archive  libraries.
	      You may use this option any number of times.

	      The  default  set	 of paths searched (without being
	      specified with -L) depends on what  emulation  mode
	      ld  is  using, and in some cases also on how it was
	      configured.    The paths can also be specified in a
	      link script with the SEARCH_DIR command.

       -M     Print (to the standard output file) a link map--di-
	      agnostic information about where symbols are mapped
	      by ld, and information on global common storage al-
	      location.

       -Map mapfile
	      Print to the file mapfile	 a  link  map--diagnostic
	      information  about  where symbols are mapped by ld,
	      and information on global	 common	 storage  alloca-
	      tion.

       -m emulation
	      Emulate  the  emulation  linker.	 You can list the
	      available emulations with the --verbose or  -V  op-
	      tions.   This  option overrides the compiled-in de-
	      fault, which is the system for which you configured
	      ld.

       -N     specifies	 readable and writable text and data sec-
	      tions. If the output  format  supports  Unix  style
	      magic numbers, the output is marked as OMAGIC.

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	      When  you	 use the `-N' option, the linker does not
	      page-align the data segment.

       -n     sets the text segment to be read only,  and  NMAGIC
	      is written if possible.

       -noinhibit-exec
	      Normally,	 the  linker  will  not produce an output
	      file if it encounters errors during the  link  pro-
	      cess.   With  this  flag,	 you can specify that you
	      wish the output file retained even after	non-fatal
	      errors.

       -no-keep-memory
	      The linker normally optimizes for speed over memory
	      usage by caching the symbol tables of  input  files
	      in memory.  This option tells the linker to instead
	      optimize for memory usage, by rereading the  symbol
	      tables  as  necessary.  This may be required if the
	      linker runs out of memory	 space	while  linking	a
	      large executable.

       -no-warn-mismatch
	      Normally	the  linker will give an error if you try
	      to link together input files  that  are  mismatched
	      for  some	 reason,  perhaps  because they have been
	      compiled for different processors or for	different
	      endiannesses.  This option tells the linker that it
	      should silently permit such possible errors.   This
	      option should only be used with care, in cases when
	      you have taken some  special  action  that  ensures
	      that the linker errors are inappropriate.

       -o output
	      output is a name for the program produced by ld; if
	      this option is not specified, the name  `a.out'  is
	      used by default.	The script command OUTPUT can al-
	      so specify the output file name.

       -Olevel
	      Generate optimized output files.	 This  might  use
	      significantly  more  time	 and  therefore	 probably
	      should be enabled only for generating the final bi-
	      nary.   level  is	 supposed  to be a numeric value.
	      Any value greater than zero enables  the	optimiza-
	      tions.

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

       -oformat output-format
	      Specify  the  binary  format  for the output object
	      file.  You don't usually need to specify	this,  as
	      ld  is  configured  to  produce as a default output
	      format the most usual format on each machine.  out-
	      put-format is a text string, the name of a particu-
	      lar format supported by  the  BFD	 libraries.   The
	      script  command  OUTPUT_FORMAT can also specify the
	      output format, but this option overrides it.

       -R filename
	      Read symbol names and their  addresses  from  file-
	      name,  but  do not relocate it or include it in the
	      output.  This allows your output file to refer sym-
	      bolically	 to  absolute locations of memory defined
	      in other programs.

       -relax An option with machine dependent effects.	 Current-
	      ly this option is only supported on the H8/300.

	      On some platforms, use this option to perform glob-
	      al optimizations	that  become  possible	when  the
	      linker resolves addressing in your program, such as
	      relaxing address modes  and  synthesizing	 new  in-
	      structions in the output object file.

	      On  platforms where this is not supported, `-relax'
	      is accepted, but has no effect.

       -r     Generates	 relocatable  output--i.e.,  generate  an
	      output  file that can in turn serve as input to ld.
	      This is often called partial linking.   As  a  side
	      effect,  in environments that support standard Unix
	      magic numbers, this option  also	sets  the  output
	      file's  magic  number to OMAGIC.	If this option is
	      not specified, an absolute file is produced.   When
	      linking  C++ programs, this option will not resolve
	      references to constructors; -Ur is an  alternative.

	      This option does the same as -i.

       -rpath directory
	      Add a directory to the runtime library search path.
	      This is used when linking an  ELF	 executable  with
	      shared  objects.	All -rpath arguments are concate-
	      nated and passed to the runtime linker, which  uses
	      them  to	locate	shared	objects	 at runtime.  The
	      -rpath option is also used when locating shared ob-
	      jects which are needed by shared objects explicitly
	      included in the link; see the  description  of  the

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

	      -rpath-link  option.   If	 -rpath	 is not used when
	      linking an ELF executable, the contents of the  en-
	      vironment	 variable  LD_RUN_PATH will be used if it
	      is defined.

	      The -rpath option may also be used  on  SunOS.   By
	      default,	on  SunOS, the linker will form a runtime
	      search path out of all the -L options it is  given.
	      If a -rpath option is used, the runtime search path
	      will be formed exclusively  using	 the  -rpath  op-
	      tions, ignoring the -L options.  This can be useful
	      when using gcc, which adds many  -L  options  which
	      may be on NFS mounted filesystems.

       -rpath-link directory
	      When using ELF or SunOS, one shared library may re-
	      quire another.  This  happens  when  an  ld -shared
	      link  includes a shared library as one of the input
	      files.

	      When the linker encounters such a	 dependency  when
	      doing  a non-shared, non-relocateable link, it will
	      automatically try to locate the required shared li-
	      brary  and include it in the link, if it is not in-
	      cluded explicitly.  In such a case, the -rpath-link
	      option  specifies	 the  first set of directories to
	      search.  The -rpath-link option may specify  a  se-
	      quence  of  directory  names either by specifying a
	      list of names separated by colons, or by	appearing
	      multiple times.

	      If  the  required	 shared library is not found, the
	      linker will issue a warning and continue	with  the
	      link.

       -S     Omits debugger symbol information (but not all sym-
	      bols) from the output file.

       -s     Omits all symbol information from the output  file.

       -shared
	      Create  a	 shared	 library.  This is currently only
	      supported on ELF and SunOS platforms (on	SunOS  it
	      is  not  required, as the linker will automatically
	      create a shared library when  there  are	undefined
	      symbols and the -e option is not used).

       -sort-common
	      Normally,	 when ld places the global common symbols

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

	      in the appropriate output sections, it  sorts  them
	      by size.	First come all the one byte symbols, then
	      all the two bytes, then all  the	four  bytes,  and
	      then  everything else.  This is to prevent gaps be-
	      tween symbols due to alignment  constraints.   This
	      option disables that sorting.

       -split-by-reloc count
	      Trys  to	creates extra sections in the output file
	      so that no single output section in the  file  con-
	      tains  more than count relocations.  This is useful
	      when generating huge  relocatable	 for  downloading
	      into certain real time kernels with the COFF object
	      file format; since COFF cannot represent more  than
	      65535  relocations  in a single section.	Note that
	      this will fail to work  with  object  file  formats
	      which do not support arbitrary sections.	The link-
	      er will not split up individual input sections  for
	      redistribution,  so  if a single input section con-
	      tains more than count relocations one  output  sec-
	      tion will contain that many relocations.

       -split-by-file
	      Similar to -split-by-reloc but creates a new output
	      section for each input file.

       -Tbss org

       -Tdata org

       -Ttext org
	      Use org as the starting address for--respectively--
	      the  bss,	 data,	or the text segment of the output
	      file.  org must be a hexadecimal integer.

       -T commandfile
	      Equivalent to -c commandfile; supported for compat-
	      ibility with other tools.

       -t     Prints names of input files as ld processes them.

       -u sym Forces  sym  to be entered in the output file as an
	      undefined symbol.	 This may, for	example,  trigger
	      linking  of  additional  modules	from standard li-
	      braries.	-u may be repeated with different  option
	      arguments to enter additional undefined symbols.

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ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

       -Ur    For  anything  other than C++ programs, this option
	      is equivalent to -r: it generates relocatable  out-
	      put--i.e., an output file that can in turn serve as
	      input to ld.  When linking C++ programs,	-Ur  will
	      resolve references to constructors, unlike -r.

       --verbose
	      Display the version number for ld and list the sup-
	      ported emulations.  Display which input  files  can
	      and can not be opened.

       -v, -V Display  the  version number for ld.  The -V option
	      also lists the supported emulations.

       --version
	      Display the version number for ld and exit.

       -warn-common
	      Warn when a common symbol is combined with  another
	      common  symbol  or  with a symbol definition.  Unix
	      linkers allow this somewhat  sloppy  practice,  but
	      linkers  on  some	 other	operating systems do not.
	      This option allows you to find  potential	 problems
	      from combining global symbols.

       -warn-constructors
	      Warn  if any global constructors are used.  This is
	      only useful for a few  object  file  formats.   For
	      formats like COFF or ELF, the linker can not detect
	      the use of global constructors.

       -warn-multiple-gp
	      Warn if the output file requires	multiple  global-
	      pointer values.  This option is only meaningful for
	      certain processors, such as the Alpha.

       -warn-once
	      Only warn once for each  undefined  symbol,  rather
	      than once per module which refers to it.

       -warn-section-align
	      Warn if the address of an output section is changed
	      because of  alignment.   Typically,  the	alignment
	      will  be set by an input section.	 The address will
	      only be changed if  it  not  explicitly  specified;
	      that is, if the SECTIONS command does not specify a

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	      start address for the section.

       --whole-archive
	      For each archive mentioned on the command line  af-
	      ter  the	--whole-archive option, include every ob-
	      ject file in the archive in the link,  rather  than
	      searching	 the  archive  for  the	 required  object
	      files.  This is normally used to	turn  an  archive
	      file into a shared library, forcing every object to
	      be included in the resulting shared library.

       --no-whole-archive
	      Turn off the effect of the  --whole-archive  option
	      for  archives  which  appear  later  on the command
	      line.

       --wrap symbol
	      Use a wrapper function for symbol.   Any	undefined
	      reference to symbol will be resolved to __wrap_sym-
	      bol.  Any undefined reference to __real_symbol will
	      be resolved to symbol.

       -X     Delete  all temporary local symbols.  For most tar-
	      gets, this is all local symbols whose  names  begin
	      with `L'.

       -x     Delete all local symbols.

ENVIRONMENT
       You  can	 change	 the  behavior of ld with the environment
       variable GNUTARGET.

       GNUTARGET determines the input-file object format  if  you
       don't  use  -b (or its synonym -format).	 Its value should
       be one of the BFD names for an input format.  If there  is
       no  GNUTARGET in the environment, ld uses the natural for-
       mat of the host. If GNUTARGET is set to default	then  BFD
       attempts	 to discover the input format by examining binary
       input files; this method often succeeds, but there are po-
       tential	ambiguities, since there is no method of ensuring
       that the magic number used to flag object-file formats  is
       unique.	 However,  the configuration procedure for BFD on
       each system places the conventional format for that system
       first  in  the search-list, so ambiguities are resolved in
       favor of convention.

cygnus support		  17 August 1992		       13

ld(1)		      GNU Development Tools		    ld(1)

SEE ALSO
       objdump(1)
       `ld' and `binutils' entries in info
       ld: the GNU linker, Steve Chamberlain  and  Roland  Pesch;
       The GNU Binary Utilities, Roland H. Pesch.

COPYING
       Copyright  (c)  1991,  92,  93,	94, 95, 96, 97, 1998 Free
       Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission is granted  to  make	and  distribute	 verbatim
       copies  of  this	 manual provided the copyright notice and
       this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

       Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified ver-
       sions  of  this	manual	under the conditions for verbatim
       copying, provided that the entire resulting  derived  work
       is  distributed	under  the  terms  of a permission notice
       identical to this one.

       Permission is granted to copy and distribute  translations
       of this manual into another language, under the above con-
       ditions for modified versions, except that this permission
       notice  may  be	included  in translations approved by the
       Free Software Foundation instead of in  the  original  En-
       glish.

cygnus support		  17 August 1992		       14

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