pthreads man page on SunOS
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threads(5) Standards, Environments, and Macros threads(5)
NAME
threads, pthreads - POSIX pthreads and Solaris threads concepts
SYNOPSIS
POSIX
cc -mt [ flag... ] file... [ -lrt library... ]
#include <pthread.h>
Solaris
cc -mt [ flag... ] file... [ library... ]
#include <sched.h>
#include <thread.h>
DESCRIPTION
POSIX and Solaris threads each have their own implementation within
libc(3LIB). Both implementations are interoperable, their functionality
similar, and can be used within the same application. Only POSIX
threads are guaranteed to be fully portable to other POSIX-compliant
environments. POSIX and Solaris threads require different source,
include files and linking libraries. See SYNOPSIS.
Similarities
Most of the POSIX and Solaris threading functions have counterparts
with each other. POSIX function names, with the exception of the sema‐
phore names, have a "pthread" prefix. Function names for similar POSIX
and Solaris functions have similar endings. Typically, similar POSIX
and Solaris functions have the same number and use of arguments.
Differences
POSIX pthreads and Solaris threads differ in the following ways:
o POSIX threads are more portable.
o POSIX threads establish characteristics for each thread
according to configurable attribute objects.
o POSIX pthreads implement thread cancellation.
o POSIX pthreads enforce scheduling algorithms.
o POSIX pthreads allow for clean-up handlers for fork(2)
calls.
o Solaris threads can be suspended and continued.
o Solaris threads implement daemon threads, for whose demise
the process does not wait.
FUNCTION COMPARISON
The following table compares the POSIX pthreads and Solaris threads
functions. When a comparable interface is not available either in POSIX
pthreads or Solaris threads, a hyphen (-) appears in the column.
Functions Related to Creation
POSIX Solaris
pthread_create() thr_create()
pthread_attr_init() -
pthread_attr_setdetachstate() -
pthread_attr_getdetachstate() -
pthread_attr_setinheritsched() -
pthread_attr_getinheritsched() -
pthread_attr_setschedparam() -
pthread_attr_getschedparam() -
pthread_attr_setschedpolicy() -
pthread_attr_getschedpolicy() -
pthread_attr_setscope() -
pthread_attr_getscope() -
pthread_attr_setstackaddr() -
pthread_attr_getstackaddr() -
pthread_attr_setstacksize() -
pthread_attr_getstacksize() -
pthread_attr_getguardsize() -
pthread_attr_setguardsize() -
pthread_attr_destroy() -
- thr_min_stack()
Functions Related to Exit
POSIX Solaris
pthread_exit() thr_exit()
pthread_join() thr_join()
pthread_detach() -
Functions Related to Thread Specific Data
POSIX Solaris
pthread_key_create() thr_keycreate()
pthread_setspecific() thr_setspecific()
pthread_getspecific() thr_getspecific()
pthread_key_delete() -
Functions Related to Signals
POSIX Solaris
pthread_sigmask() thr_sigsetmask()
pthread_kill() thr_kill()
Functions Related to IDs
POSIX Solaris
pthread_self() thr_self()
pthread_equal() -
- thr_main()
Functions Related to Scheduling
POSIX Solaris
- thr_yield()
- thr_suspend()
- thr_continue()
pthread_setconcurrency() thr_setconcurrency()
pthread_getconcurrency() thr_getconcurrency()
pthread_setschedparam() thr_setprio()
pthread_getschedparam() thr_getprio()
Functions Related to Cancellation
POSIX Solaris
pthread_cancel() -
pthread_setcancelstate() -
pthread_setcanceltype() -
pthread_testcancel() -
pthread_cleanup_pop() -
pthread_cleanup_push() -
Functions Related to Mutexes
POSIX Solaris
pthread_mutex_init() mutex_init()
pthread_mutexattr_init() -
pthread_mutexattr_setpshared() -
pthread_mutexattr_getpshared() -
pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol() -
pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol() -
pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling() -
pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling() -
pthread_mutexattr_settype() -
pthread_mutexattr_gettype() -
pthread_mutexattr_setrobust_np() -
pthread_mutexattr_getrobust_np() -
pthread_mutexattr_destroy() -
pthread_mutex_setprioceiling() -
pthread_mutex_getprioceiling() -
pthread_mutex_lock() mutex_lock()
pthread_mutex_trylock() mutex_trylock()
pthread_mutex_unlock() mutex_unlock()
pthread_mutex_destroy() mutex_destroy()
Functions Related to Condition Variables
POSIX Solaris
pthread_cond_init() cond_init()
pthread_condattr_init() -
pthread_condattr_setpshared() -
pthread_condattr_getpshared() -
pthread_condattr_destroy() -
pthread_cond_wait() cond_wait()
pthread_cond_timedwait() cond_timedwait()
pthread_cond_signal() cond_signal()
pthread_cond_broadcast() cond_broadcast()
pthread_cond_destroy() cond_destroy()
Functions Related to Reader/Writer Locking
POSIX Solaris
pthread_rwlock_init() rwlock_init()
pthread_rwlock_rdlock() rw_rdlock()
pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock() rw_tryrdlock()
pthread_rwlock_wrlock() rw_wrlock()
pthread_rwlock_trywrlock() rw_trywrlock()
pthread_rwlock_unlock() rw_unlock()
pthread_rwlock_destroy() rwlock_destroy()
pthread_rwlockattr_init() -
pthread_rwlockattr_destroy() -
pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared() -
pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared() -
Functions Related to Semaphores
POSIX Solaris
sem_init() sema_init()
sem_open() -
sem_close() -
sem_wait() sema_wait()
sem_trywait() sema_trywait()
sem_post() sema_post()
sem_getvalue() -
sem_unlink() -
sem_destroy() sema_destroy()
Functions Related to fork() Clean Up
POSIX Solaris
pthread_atfork() -
Functions Related to Limits
POSIX Solaris
pthread_once() -
Functions Related to Debugging
POSIX Solaris
- thr_stksegment()
LOCKING
Synchronization
Multithreaded behavior is asynchronous, and therefore, optimized for
concurrent and parallel processing. As threads, always from within the
same process and sometimes from multiple processes, share global data
with each other, they are not guaranteed exclusive access to the shared
data at any point in time. Securing mutually exclusive access to shared
data requires synchronization among the threads. Both POSIX and
Solaris implement four synchronization mechanisms: mutexes, condition
variables, reader/writer locking (optimized frequent-read occasional-
write mutex), and semaphores.
Synchronizing multiple threads diminishes their concurrency. The
coarser the grain of synchronization, that is, the larger the block of
code that is locked, the lesser the concurrency.
MT fork()
If a threads program calls fork(2), it implicitly calls fork1(2), which
replicates only the calling thread. Should there be any outstanding
mutexes throughout the process, the application should call
pthread_atfork(3C) to wait for and acquire those mutexes prior to call‐
ing fork().
SCHEDULING
POSIX
Scheduling allocation size per thread is greater than one. POSIX sup‐
ports the following three scheduling policies:
SCHED_OTHER Timesharing (TS) scheduling policy. It is based on the
timesharing scheduling class.
SCHED_FIFO First-In-First-Out (FIFO) scheduling policy. Threads
scheduled to this policy, if not pre-empted by a higher
priority, will proceed until completion. Such threads
are in real-time (RT) scheduling class. The calling
process must have a effective user ID of 0.
SCHED_RR Round-Robin scheduling policy. Threads scheduled to this
policy, if not pre-empted by a higher priority, will
execute for a time period determined by the system. Such
threads are in real-time (RT) scheduling class and the
calling process must have a effective user ID of 0.
Solaris
Only scheduling policy supported is SCHED_OTHER, which is timesharing,
based on the TS scheduling class.
ERRORS
In a multithreaded application, EINTR can be returned from blocking
system calls when another thread calls forkall(2).
USAGE
-mt compiler option
The -mt compiler option compiles and links for multithreaded code. It
compiles source files with −D_REENTRANT and augments the set of support
libraries properly.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
│ ATTRIBUTE TYPE │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
│MT-Level │MT-Safe, Fork 1-Safe │
└─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
SEE ALSO
crle(1), fork(2), libpthread(3LIB), librt(3LIB), libthread(3LIB),
pthread_atfork(3C), pthread_create(3C), attributes(5), standards(5)
SunOS 5.10 11 Aug 2006 threads(5)
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