PERLEBCDIC(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEBCDIC(1)NAMEperlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC
platforms
DESCRIPTION
An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl program
mers on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localiza
tion, internationalization, or multi byte character set
issues (yet).
Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.
COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
ASCII
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is
a set of integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that
imply character interpretation by the display and other
system(s) of computers. The range 0..127 can be covered
by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary digit, hence the set
is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII". ASCII was
described by the American National Standards Institute
document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO
646:1991 (with localization for currency symbols). The
full ASCII set is given in the table below as the first
128 elements. Languages that can be written adequately
with the characters in ASCII include English, Hawaiian,
Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American languages.
There are many character sets that extend the range of
integers from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes
(octets if you prefer). One common one is the ISO 8859-1
character set.
ISO 8859
The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets
from the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) each of which adds characters to the ASCII set that
are typically found in European languages many of which
are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave
and acute accented Latin characters. Languages that can
employ ISO 8859-1 include all the languages covered by
ASCII as well as Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Catalan,
Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, Portugese, Spanish,
and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without the ij liga
ture. French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-
style quotation marks. This set is based on Western Euro
pean extensions to ASCII and is commonly encountered in
world wide web work. In IBM character code set identifi
cation terminology ISO 8859-1 is also known as CCSID 819
(or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
EBCDIC
The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers
to a large collection of slightly different single and
multi byte coded character sets that are different from
ASCII or ISO 8859-1 and typically run on host computers.
The EBCDIC encodings derive from 8 bit byte extensions of
Hollerith punched card encodings. The layout on the cards
was such that high bits were set for the upper and lower
case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there were
gaps within each latin alphabet range.
Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character
code set identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code
page numbers. Leading zero digits in CCSID numbers within
this document are insignificant. E.g. CCSID 0037 may be
referred to as 37 in places.
13 variant characters
Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 charac
ters that are often mapped to different integer values.
Those characters are known as the 13 "variant" characters
and are:
\ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
0037
Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus
Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set.
0037 is used in North American English locales on the
OS/400 operating system that runs on AS/400 computers.
CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1 in 237 places, in other
words they agree on only 19 code point values.
1047
Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII
plus Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC
set. 1047 is used under Unix System Services for OS/390,
and OpenEdition for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID
0037 in eight places.
POSIX-BC
The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is
distinct from 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as
the POSIX-BC set.
SINGLE OCTET TABLES
The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered
sets including the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII
graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), C1 controls (80..9f), and
Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the table non-
printing control character names as well as the Latin 1
extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character
names roughly corresponding to The Unicode Standard, Ver_
sion 2.0 albeit with substitutions such as s/LATIN// and
s/VULGAR// in all cases, s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases,
and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ in some other cases (the
"charnames" pragma names unfortunately do not list
explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The
"names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1)
listed here are somewhat arbitrary. The differences
between the 0037 and 1047 sets are flagged with ***. The
differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets are flagged
with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you
would rather see this table listing octal values then run
the table (that is, the pod version of this document since
this recipe may not work with a pod2_other_format transla
tion) through:
recipe 0
perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
-e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal
values then run the table through:
recipe 1
perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
-e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
8859-1
chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC
----------------------------------------------------------------
<NULL> 0 0 0 0
<START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1
<START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2
<END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3
<END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55
<ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45
<ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46
<BELL> 7 47 47 47
<BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22
<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5
<LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 ***
<VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11
<FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12
<CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13
<SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14
<SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15
<DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16
<DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17
<DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18
<DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19
<DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60
<NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61
<SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50
<END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38
<CANCEL> 24 24 24 24
<END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25
<SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63
<ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39
<FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28
<GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29
<RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30
<UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31
<SPACE> 32 64 64 64
! 33 90 90 90
" 34 127 127 127
# 35 123 123 123
$ 36 91 91 91
% 37 108 108 108
& 38 80 80 80
' 39 125 125 125
( 40 77 77 77
) 41 93 93 93
* 42 92 92 92
+ 43 78 78 78
, 44 107 107 107
- 45 96 96 96
. 46 75 75 75
/ 47 97 97 97
0 48 240 240 240
1 49 241 241 241
2 50 242 242 242
3 51 243 243 243
4 52 244 244 244
5 53 245 245 245
6 54 246 246 246
7 55 247 247 247
8 56 248 248 248
9 57 249 249 249
: 58 122 122 122
; 59 94 94 94
< 60 76 76 76
= 61 126 126 126
> 62 110 110 110
? 63 111 111 111
@ 64 124 124 124
A 65 193 193 193
B 66 194 194 194
C 67 195 195 195
D 68 196 196 196
E 69 197 197 197
F 70 198 198 198
G 71 199 199 199
H 72 200 200 200
I 73 201 201 201
J 74 209 209 209
K 75 210 210 210
L 76 211 211 211
M 77 212 212 212
N 78 213 213 213
O 79 214 214 214
P 80 215 215 215
Q 81 216 216 216
R 82 217 217 217
S 83 226 226 226
T 84 227 227 227
U 85 228 228 228
V 86 229 229 229
W 87 230 230 230
X 88 231 231 231
Y 89 232 232 232
Z 90 233 233 233
[ 91 186 173 187 *** ###
\ 92 224 224 188 ###
] 93 187 189 189 ***
^ 94 176 95 106 *** ###
_ 95 109 109 109
` 96 121 121 74 ###
a 97 129 129 129
b 98 130 130 130
c 99 131 131 131
d 100 132 132 132
e 101 133 133 133
f 102 134 134 134
g 103 135 135 135
h 104 136 136 136
i 105 137 137 137
j 106 145 145 145
k 107 146 146 146
l 108 147 147 147
m 109 148 148 148
n 110 149 149 149
o 111 150 150 150
p 112 151 151 151
q 113 152 152 152
r 114 153 153 153
s 115 162 162 162
t 116 163 163 163
u 117 164 164 164
v 118 165 165 165
w 119 166 166 166
x 120 167 167 167
y 121 168 168 168
z 122 169 169 169
{ 123 192 192 251 ###
| 124 79 79 79
} 125 208 208 253 ###
~ 126 161 161 255 ###
<DELETE> 127 7 7 7
<C1 0> 128 32 32 32
<C1 1> 129 33 33 33
<C1 2> 130 34 34 34
<C1 3> 131 35 35 35
<C1 4> 132 36 36 36
<C1 5> 133 21 37 37 ***
<C1 6> 134 6 6 6
<C1 7> 135 23 23 23
<C1 8> 136 40 40 40
<C1 9> 137 41 41 41
<C1 10> 138 42 42 42
<C1 11> 139 43 43 43
<C1 12> 140 44 44 44
<C1 13> 141 9 9 9
<C1 14> 142 10 10 10
<C1 15> 143 27 27 27
<C1 16> 144 48 48 48
<C1 17> 145 49 49 49
<C1 18> 146 26 26 26
<C1 19> 147 51 51 51
<C1 20> 148 52 52 52
<C1 21> 149 53 53 53
<C1 22> 150 54 54 54
<C1 23> 151 8 8 8
<C1 24> 152 56 56 56
<C1 25> 153 57 57 57
<C1 26> 154 58 58 58
<C1 27> 155 59 59 59
<C1 28> 156 4 4 4
<C1 29> 157 20 20 20
<C1 30> 158 62 62 62
<C1 31> 159 255 255 95 ###
<NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65
<INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170
<CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 ###
<POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177
<CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159
<YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178
<BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 ###
<SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181
<DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 *** ###
<COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180
<FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154
<LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138
<NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 *** ###
<SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202
<REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175
<MACRON> 175 188 188 161 ###
<DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144
<PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143
<SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234
<SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250
<ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190
<MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160
<PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182
<MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179
<CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157
<SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218
<MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155
<RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139
<FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183
<FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184
<FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185
<INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171
<A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100
<A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101
<A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98
<A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102
<A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99
<A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103
<CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158
<C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104
<E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116
<E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113
<E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114
<E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115
<I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120
<I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117
<I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118
<I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119
<CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172
<N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105
<O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237
<O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238
<O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235
<O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239
<O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236
<MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191
<O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128
<U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 ###
<U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254
<U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 ###
<U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252
<Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 *** ###
<CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174
<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89
<a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68
<a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69
<a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66
<a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70
<a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67
<a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71
<SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156
<c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72
<e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84
<e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81
<e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82
<e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83
<i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88
<i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85
<i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86
<i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87
<SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140
<n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73
<o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205
<o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206
<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203
<o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207
<o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204
<DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225
<o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112
<u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 ###
<u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222
<u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219
<u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220
<y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141
<SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142
<y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223
If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037
order rather than ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table
through:
recipe 2
perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change
the digit 42 in the last line to 51, like this:
recipe 3
perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change
the digit 51 in the last line to 60, like this:
recipe 4
perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
To determine the character set you are running under from
perl one could use the return value of ord() or chr() to
test one or more character values. For example:
$is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
$is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
Also, "\t" is a "HORIZONTAL TABULATION" character so that:
$is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9;
$is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;
To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or
more of the characters that differ between them. For
example:
$is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37);
$is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);
Or better still choose a character that is uniquely
encoded in any of the code sets, e.g.:
$is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
$is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
$is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
$is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
$is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG
$is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most
ASCII machines from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a
POSIX-BC EBCDIC machine since "\r" eq chr(13) under all of
those coded character sets. But note too that because
"\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh
(which is an ASCII machine) the second "$is_ascii" test
will lead to trouble there.
To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC
code page you can use the Config module like so:
use Config;
$is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
CONVERSIONS
tr///
In order to convert a string of characters from one char
acter set to another a simple list of numbers, such as in
the right columns in the above table, along with perl's
tr/// operator is all that is needed. The data in the
table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns provide
easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also eas
ily reversed.
For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the
output of the second column from the output of recipe 0
(modified to add \\ characters) and use it in tr/// like
so:
$cp_037 =
'\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' .
'\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' .
'\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' .
'\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' .
'\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' .
'\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' .
'\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' .
'\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' .
'\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' .
'\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' .
'\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' .
'\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' .
'\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' .
'\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' .
'\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' .
'\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ;
my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order
of the tr/// arguments like so:
my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
eval '$ascii_string = tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
Similarly one could take the output of the third column
from recipe 0 to obtain a "$cp_1047" table. The fourth
column of the output from recipe 0 could provide a
"$cp_posix_bc" table suitable for transcoding as well.
iconv
XPG operability often implies the presence of an iconv
utility available from the shell or from the C library.
Consult your system's documentation for information on
iconv.
On OS/390 see the iconv(1) man page. One way to invoke
the iconv shell utility from within perl would be to:
# OS/390 example
$ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
or the inverse map:
# OS/390 example
$ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::*
modules on CPAN.
C RTL
The OS/390 C run time library provides _atoe() and _etoa()
functions.
OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
The ".." range operator treats certain character ranges
with care on EBCDIC machines. For example the following
array will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC
machine or an ASCII machine:
@alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different
results when operating on string or character data in a
perl program running on an EBCDIC machine than when run on
an ASCII machine. Here is an example adapted from the one
in the perlop manpage:
# EBCDIC-based examples
print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n"
print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n"
print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n";
print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";
An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters in
the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be con
structed as control characters in perl, e.g. "(chr(0) eq
"\c@")" "(chr(1) eq "\cA")", and so on. Perl on EBCDIC
machines has been ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA"
to chr(1) as well, but the thirty three characters that
result depend on which code page you are using. The table
below uses the character names from the previous table but
with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF
/E.O./; s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VER
TICAL/VERT./; s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CON
TROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./; s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG.
ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are identical through
out this range and differ from the 0037 set at only one
spot (21 decimal). Note that the "LINE FEED" character
may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII machines but by "\cU"
on 1047 or POSIX-BC machines and cannot be generated as a
""\c.letter."" control character on 0037 machines. Note
also that "\c\\" maps to two characters not one.
chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
------------------------------------------------------------------------
"\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***><
"\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***><
"\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING>
"\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT>
"\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT>
"\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28>
"\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.>
"\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6>
"\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE>
"\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23>
"\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13>
"\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14>
"\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.>
"\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED>
"\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN>
"\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT>
"\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN>
"\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE>
"\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE>
"\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO>
"\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE>
"\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29>
"\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> ***
"\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE>
"\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7>
"\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL>
"\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM>
"\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18>
"\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15>
"\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\
"\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.>
"\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***><
"\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***><
FUNCTION DIFFERENCESchr()chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument
to yield a desired character return value on an
EBCDIC machine. For example:
$CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
ord()ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an
EBCDIC machine. For example:
$the_number_193 = ord("A");
pack() The c and C templates for pack() are dependent
upon character set encoding. Examples of usage on
EBCDIC include:
$foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
# $foo eq "ABCD"
$foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
# same thing
$foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
# $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
print() One must be careful with scalars and strings that
are passed to print that contain ASCII encodings.
One common place for this to occur is in the out
put of the MIME type header for CGI script writ
ing. For example, many perl programming guides
recommend something similar to:
print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
# this may be wrong on EBCDIC
Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server for example
you should instead write that as:
print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia
That is because the translation from EBCDIC to
ASCII is done by the web server in this case (such
code will not be appropriate for the Macintosh
however). Consult your web server's documentation
for further details.
printf()
The formats that can convert characters to numbers
and vice versa will be different from their ASCII
counterparts when executed on an EBCDIC machine.
Examples include:
printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
sort() EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort
results especially for mixed case strings. This
is discussed in more detail below.
sprintf()
See the discussion of printf() above. An example
of the use of sprintf would be:
$CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
unpack()
See the discussion of pack() above.
REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression
such as [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not
pick up gap characters. For example, characters such as o
"o WITH CIRCUMFLEX" that lie between I and J would not be
matched by the regular expression range "/[H-K]/".
If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a
single octet regular expression try matching the hex or
octal code such as "/\313/" on EBCDIC or "/\364/" on ASCII
machines to have your regular expression match "o WITH
CIRCUMFLEX".
Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use
of hex or octal constants in regular expressions. Con
sider the following set of subs:
sub is_c0 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
}
sub is_print_ascii {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
}
sub is_delete {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char eq "\177";
}
sub is_c1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
}
sub is_latin_1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
}
The above would be adequate if the concern was only with
numeric code points. However, the concern may be with
characters rather than code points and on an EBCDIC
machine it may be desirable for constructs such as "if
(is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable charac
ter\n";}" to print out the expected message. One way to
represent the above collection of character classification
subs that is capable of working across the four coded
character sets discussed in this document is as follows:
sub Is_c0 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
}
if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
}
if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc
return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
}
}
sub Is_print_ascii {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
}
sub Is_delete {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
return $char eq "\177";
}
else { # ebcdic
return $char eq "\007";
}
}
sub Is_c1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
}
if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
}
if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
}
if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
return $char =~
/[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/;
}
}
sub Is_latin_1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
}
if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
return $char =~
/[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
}
if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
return $char =~
/[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
}
if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
return $char =~
/[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
}
}
Note however that only the "Is_ascii_print()" sub is
really independent of coded character set. Another way to
write "Is_latin_1()" would be to use the characters in the
range explicitly:
sub Is_latin_1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[ ]/;
}
Although that form may run into trouble in network transit
(due to the presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-
Latin character sets.
SOCKETS
Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings
in network byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script
writing under a host web server where the server may take
care of translation for you. Most host web servers con
vert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on output.
SORTING
One big difference between ASCII based character sets and
EBCDIC ones are the relative positions of upper and lower
case letters and the letters compared to the digits. If
sorted on an ASCII based machine the two letter abbrevia
tion for a physician comes before the two letter for
drive, that is:
@sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
# but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
The property of lower case before uppercase letters in
EBCDIC is even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as
0037 and 1047. An example would be that Ee "E WITH
DIAERESIS" (203) comes before ee "e WITH DIAERESIS" (235)
on an ASCII machine, but the latter (83) comes before the
former (115) on an EBCDIC machine. (Astute readers will
note that the upper case version of ss "SMALL LETTER SHARP
S" is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of ye "y
WITH DIAERESIS" is not in the 0..255 range but it is at
U+x0178 in Unicode, or ""\x{178}"" in a Unicode enabled
Perl).
The sort order will cause differences between results
obtained on ASCII machines versus EBCDIC machines. What
follows are some suggestions on how to deal with these
differences.
Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It
may require some user education.
MONO CASE then sort data.
In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test
try to "tr///" towards the character set case most
employed within the data. If the data are primarily
UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ then
sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1
then apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data
are primarily UPPERCASE and include Latin-1 characters
then apply:
tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
tr/[]/[]/;
s//SS/g;
then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipula
tion does not address the ye "y WITH DIAERESIS" character
that will remain at code point 255 on ASCII machines, but
223 on most EBCDIC machines where it will sort to a place
less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a Unicode enabled
Perl you might try:
tr/^?/\x{178}/;
The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not
preserve the case of the data and may not be acceptable
for that reason.
Convert, sort data, then re convert.
This is the most expensive proposition that does not
employ a network connection.
Perform sorting on one type of machine only.
This strategy can employ a network connection. As such it
would be computationally expensive.
TRANFORMATION FORMATS
There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an
intra character set mapping that serve a variety of
purposes. Sorting was discussed in the previous section
and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are
discussed next.
URL decoding and encoding
Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in
them in an attempt to overcome character or protocol limi
tation issues. For example the tilde character is not on
every keyboard hence a URL of the form:
http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
may also be expressed as either of:
http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'.
Here is an example of decoding such a URL under CCSID
1047:
$url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
# this array assumes code page 1047
my @a2e_1047 = (
0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31,
64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97,
240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111,
124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214,
215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109,
121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150,
151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27,
48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255,
65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188,
144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171,
100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119,
172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89,
68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87,
140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223
);
$url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge;
Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of
encoding such a URL under the 1047 code page:
$url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
# this array assumes code page 1047
my @e2a_1047 = (
0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31,
128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7,
144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26,
32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124,
38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94,
45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63,
248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34,
216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177,
176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164,
181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174,
172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215,
123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245,
125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255,
92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213,
48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159
);
# The following regular expression does not address the
# mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
$url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge;
where a more complete solution would split the URL into
components and apply a full s/// substitution only to the
appropriate parts.
In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be
employed but the assignment will not be shown explicitly.
For code page 1047 you could use the @a2e_1047 or
@e2a_1047 arrays just shown.
uu encoding and decoding
The "u" template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC
data in EBCDIC characters equivalent to their ASCII coun
terparts. For example, the following will print "Yes
indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer:
$all_byte_chrs = '';
for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
$uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
($uu = <<' ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
ENDOFHEREDOC
if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
print "Yes ";
}
$uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
print "indeed\n";
}
Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC
provided that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
@e2a = ( # this must be filled in
);
$_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
while(<>) {
last if /^end/;
next if /[a-z]/;
next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) ==
int(length() / 4);
print OUT unpack("u", $_);
}
close(OUT);
chmod oct($mode), $file;
Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
On ASCII encoded machines it is possible to strip charac
ters outside of the printable set using:
# This QP encoder works on ASCII only
$qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge;
Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC
machines would look somewhat like the following (where the
EBCDIC branch @e2a array is omitted for brevity):
if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII
$delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII
@e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map
}
else { # EBCDIC
$delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC
@e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above)
}
$qp_string =~
s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge;
(although in production code the substitutions might be
done in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and sepa
rately in the ASCII branch without the expense of the
identity map).
Such QP strings can be decoded with:
# This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
$string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge;
$string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC
machines would look somewhat like the following (where the
@a2e array is omitted for brevity):
$string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge;
$string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
Caesarian cyphers
The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more charac
ters for encipherment dates back thousands of years and
was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius Caesar in his Gal
lic Wars text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes
referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as
a number $n after the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and
rot26 would designate identity maps on the 26 letter
English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the
interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations
are identity maps (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial
inverse in the group of 26 alphabet rotations). Hence the
following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will work on
ASCII and EBCDIC machines:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
while(<>){
tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
print;
}
In one-liner form:
perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
Hashing order and checksums
XXX
I18N AND L10NInternationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are sup
ported at least in principle even on EBCDIC machines. The
details are system dependent and discussed under the the
OS ISSUES entry in the perlebcdic manpage section below.
MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
Multi byte EBCDIC code pages; Unicode, UTF-8, UTF-EBCDIC,
XXX.
OS ISSUES
There may be a few system dependent issues of concern to
EBCDIC Perl programmers.
OS/400
The PASE environment.
IFS access
XXX.
OS/390
Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
chcp chcp is supported as a shell utility for display
ing and changing one's code page. See also the
chcp manpage.
dataset access
For sequential data set access try:
my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
or:
my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
OS/390 iconv
iconv is supported as both a shell utility and a C
RTL routine. See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3)
manual pages.
locales On OS/390 see the locale manpage for information
on locales. The L10N files are in
/usr/nls/locale. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define'
on OS/390.
VM/ESA?
XXX.
POSIX-BC?
XXX.
BUGS
This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and
may encounter translation difficulties. In particular one
popular nroff implementation was known to strip accented
characters to their unaccented counterparts while attempt
ing to view this document through the pod2man program (for
example, you may see a plain "y" rather than one with a
diaeresis as in ye). Another nroff truncated the resul
tant man page at the first occurence of 8 bit characters.
Not all shells will allow multiple "-e" string arguments
to perl to be concatenated together properly as recipes 2,
3, and 4 might seem to imply.
Perl does not yet work with any Unicode features on EBCDIC
platforms.
SEE ALSO
the perllocale manpage, the perlfunc manpage.
REFERENCES
http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps
http://www.unicode.org/
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/
http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/ ASCII: American Standard
Code for Information Infiltration Tom Jennings, September
1999.
The Unicode Standard Version 2.0 The Unicode Consortium,
ISBN 0-201-48345-9, Addison Wesley Developers Press, July
1996.
The Unicode Standard Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium,
Lisa Moore ed., ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Devel
opers Press, February 2000.
CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture -
Reference and Registry, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
"Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual
Computing & Technology, #26 Vol. 10 Issue 4,
August/September 1999; ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Com
puting Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communi
cation Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog &
Leventhal Publishers, 1998.
AUTHOR
Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000
with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and Andre
Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC help from
Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de. Thanks also to
Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and Joe
Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks
and registered service marks used in this document are the
property of their respective owners.
2001-04-07 perl v5.6.1 PERLEBCDIC(1)
