GFDL(1)GFDL(1)NAME
GFDL - The GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.1, March 2000
Copyright (c) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59
Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim
copies of this license document, but changing it is not
allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook,
or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom:
to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and re-
distribute it, with or without modifying it, either com-
mercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit
for their work, while not being considered responsible for
modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
derivative works of the document must themselves be free
in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public
License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manu-
als for free software, because free software needs free
documentation: a free program should come with manuals
providing the same freedoms that the software does. But
this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be
used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend
this License principally for works whose purpose is in-
struction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work that con-
tains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
can be distributed under the terms of this License. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any
member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
"you."
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work con-
taining the Document or a portion of it, either copied
verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into an-
other language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-mat-
ter section of the Document that deals exclusively with
the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Docu-
ment to the Document's overall subject (or to related mat-
ters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within
that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may
not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a
matter of historical connection with the subject or with
related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical,
ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is re-
leased under this License.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that
are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in
the notice that says that the Document is released under
this License.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-read-
able copy, represented in a format whose specification is
available to the general public, whose contents can be
viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with
generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels)
generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input
to text formatters or for automatic translation to a vari-
ety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A
copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose
markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subse-
quent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy
that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque."
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies in-
clude plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format,
LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available
DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for hu-
man modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF,
proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML produced by some word proces-
sors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page
itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold,
legibly, the material this License requires to appear in
the title page. For works in formats which do not have
any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near
the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preced-
ing the beginning of the body of the text.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
License, the copyright notices, and the license notice
saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
in all copies, and that you add no other conditions what-
soever to those of this License. You may not use techni-
cal measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If
you distribute a large enough number of copies you must
also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires
Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that
carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-
Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly
identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front
cover must present the full title with all words of the
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other
material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title
of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be
treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous
to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as
many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue
the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a ma-
chine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque
copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-ac-
cessible computer-network location containing a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material,
which the general network-using public has access to down-
load anonymously at no charge using public-standard net-
work protocols. If you use the latter option, you must
take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution
of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Trans-
parent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated lo-
cation until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents
or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
authors of the Document well before redistributing any
large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide
you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Doc-
ument under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, pro-
vided that you release the Modified Version under precise-
ly this License, with the Modified Version filling the
role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and mod-
ification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a
copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a
title distinct from that of the Document, and from
those of previous versions (which should, if there
were any, be listed in the History section of the
Document). You may use the same title as a previ-
ous version if the original publisher of that ver-
sion gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
persons or entities responsible for authorship of
the modifications in the Modified Version, together
with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
less than five).
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher
of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modi-
fications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a
license notice giving the public permission to use
the Modified Version under the terms of this Li-
cense, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given
in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its
title, and add to it an item stating at least the
title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Mod-
ified Version as given on the Title Page. If there
is no section entitled "History" in the Document,
create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title
Page, then add an item describing the Modified Ver-
sion as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the
Document for public access to a Transparent copy of
the Document, and likewise the network locations
given in the Document for previous versions it was
based on. These may be placed in the "History"
section. You may omit a network location for a
work that was published at least four years before
the Document itself, or if the original publisher
of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Ded-
ications", preserve the section's title, and pre-
serve in the section all the substance and tone of
each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Docu-
ment, unaltered in their text and in their titles.
Section numbers or the equivalent are not consid-
ered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements." Such a
section may not be included in the Modified Ver-
sion.
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorse-
ments" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections
or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and con-
tain no material copied from the Document, you may at your
option designate some or all of these sections as invari-
ant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invari-
ant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section ti-
tles.
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it
contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version
by various parties--for example, statements of peer review
or that the text has been approved by an organization as
the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover
Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover
Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modi-
fied Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and
one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through ar-
rangements made by) any one entity. If the Document al-
ready includes a cover text for the same cover, previously
added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you
are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you
may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the
previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
this License give permission to use their names for pub-
licity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modi-
fied Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released
under this License, under the terms defined in section 4
above for modified versions, provided that you include in
the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of
the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as
Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license
notice.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this Li-
cense, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be
replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple In-
variant Sections with the same name but different con-
tents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or
else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the
section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the
license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one
section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections
entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled
"Dedications." You must delete all sections entitled "En-
dorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
other documents released under this License, and replace
the individual copies of this License in the various docu-
ments with a single copy that is included in the collec-
tion, provided that you follow the rules of this License
for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection,
and distribute it individually under this License, provid-
ed you insert a copy of this License into the extracted
document, and follow this License in all other respects
regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with oth-
er separate and independent documents or works, in or on a
volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a
whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provid-
ed no compilation copyright is claimed for the compila-
tion. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and
this License does not apply to the other self-contained
works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their
being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative
works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable
to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is
less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Docu-
ment's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround
only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they
must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you
may distribute translations of the Document under the
terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
translations requires special permission from their copy-
right holders, but you may include translations of some or
all Invariant Sections in addition to the original ver-
sions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License provided that you also include
the original English version of this License. In case of
a disagreement between the translation and the original
English version of this License, the original English ver-
sion will prevail.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
Document except as expressly provided for under this Li-
cense. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
terminate your rights under this License. However, par-
ties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so
long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised ver-
sions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to
time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
present version, but may differ in detail to address new
problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing ver-
sion number. If the Document specifies that a particular
numbered version of this License "or any later version"
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
and conditions either of that specified version or of any
later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not
specify a version number of this License, you may choose
any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, in-
clude a copy of the License in the document and put the
following copyright and license notices just after the ti-
tle page:
Copyright (c) [year] [your name]. Permission is granted
to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being [list their
titles], with the Front-Cover Texts being [list], and with
the Back-Cover Texts being [list]. A copy of the license
is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License."
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invari-
ant Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant.
If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover
Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being [list]"; like-
wise for Back-Cover Texts.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel
under your choice of free software license, such as the
GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free
software.
2001 April 23 GFDL(1)
