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TWM(1)							TWM(1)

NAME
       twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System

SYNTAX
       twm [ -display dpy ] [ -s ] [ -f initfile ] [ -v ]

DESCRIPTION
       Twm  is a window manager for the X Window System.  It pro-
       vides titlebars, shaped windows, several	 forms	of  icon
       management,  user-defined  macro functions, click-to-type
       and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified  key
       and pointer button bindings.

       This program is usually started by the user's session man-
       ager or startup script.	When used from xdm(1) or xinit(1)
       without	a  session manager, twm is frequently executed in
       the foreground as the last client.   When  run  this  way,
       exiting	twm  causes  the  session to be terminated (i.e.,
       logged out).

       By  default,  application  windows  are	surrounded  by	a
       ``frame''  with a titlebar at the top and a special border
       around the window.  The	titlebar  contains  the window's
       name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is receiving
       keyboard input, and function boxes  known  as  ``titlebut-
       tons'' at the left and right edges of the titlebar.

       Pressing pointer	 Button1  (usually  the left-most button
       unless it has been changed with xmodmap) on a  titlebutton
       will  invoke  the function associated with the button.  In
       the default interface, windows are iconified  by clicking
       (pressing  and then immediately releasing) the left title-
       button (which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows  are
       deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in
       the icon manager (see description of  the  variable  Show-
       IconManager and of the function f.showiconmgr).

       Windows	are  resized  by  pressing  the right titlebutton
       (which resembles a group of nested squares), dragging  the
       pointer	over  edge that is to be moved, and releasing the
       pointer when the outline of  the window	is  the	 desired
       size.   Similarly,  windows  are moved by pressing in the
       title or highlight region, dragging a  window  outline  to
       the  new location, and then releasing when the outline is
       in the desired position. Just clicking in  the	title  or
       highlight region raises the window without moving it.

       When  new windows are created, twm will honor any size and
       location information  requested	by  the	 user	(usually
       through	-geometry  command line argument or resources for
       the individual applications).  Otherwise,  an  outline  of
       the  window's default size, its titlebar, and lines divid-
       ing the window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer  are
       displayed.   Clicking  pointer  Button1	will position the

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       window at the current position and  give it  the	 default
       size.	Pressing  pointer  Button2  (usually  the  middle
       pointer button) and dragging the outline	 will	give  the
       window  its  current  position  but  allow the sides to be
       resized as  described  above.   Clicking pointer	 Button3
       (usually the  right  pointer button) will give the window
       its current position but attempt to make it long enough to
       touch the bottom the screen.

OPTIONS
       Twm accepts the following command line options:

       -display dpy
	       This option specifies the X server to use.

       -s      This option indicates that only the default screen
	       (as specified by -display or by the DISPLAY  envi-
	       ronment	variable) should be managed.  By default,
	       twm will attempt to manage all screens on the dis-
	       play.

       -f filename
	       This option specifies the name of the startup file
	       to use.	By default, twm will look in  the  user's
	       home  directory	for files named .twmrc.num (where
	       num is a screen number) or .twmrc.

       -v      This option indicates that twm should print  error
	       messages whenever  an unexpected X Error event is
	       received.   This can  be	 useful	 when	debugging
	       applications  but  can  be  distracting in regular
	       use.

CUSTOMIZATION
       Much of twm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by
       providing a startup file in one of the following locations
       (searched in order for each screen being managed when  twm
       begins):

       $HOME/.twmrc.screennumber
	       The  screennumber is a small positive number (e.g.
	       0, 1, etc.)  representing the screen number  (e.g.
	       the  last  number in the DISPLAY environment vari-
	       able host:displaynum.screennum) that would be used
	       to  contact  that  screen of the display.  This is
	       intended for displays  with  multiple  screens  of
	       differing visual types.

       $HOME/.twmrc
	       This  is the  usual name for an individual user's
	       startup file.

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       <XRoot>/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
	       If neither of the preceding files are  found,  twm
	       will  look  in  this file for a default configura-
	       tion.  This is often tailored by the site adminis-
	       trator  to  provide  convenient	menus or familiar
	       bindings for novice users.  <XRoot> refers to  the
	       root of the X11 install tree.

       If  no  startup files are found, twm will use the built-in
       defaults described above.  The only resource used  by  twm
       is  bitmapFilePath  for a colon-separated list of directo-
       ries to search when looking for	bitmap	files  (for  more
       information, see the Athena Widgets manual and xrdb(1)).

       Twm startup files are logically broken up into three types
       of specifications:  Variables, Bindings, Menus.	The Vari-
       ables  section must come first and is used to describe the
       fonts, colors, cursors, border  widths,	icon  and  window
       placement,  highlighting,  autoraising,	layout of titles,
       warping, use of the icon manager.   The	Bindings  section
       usually	comes second and is used to specify the functions
       that should be to be invoked  when  keyboard  and  pointer
       buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames.
       The Menus section gives any user-defined menus (containing
       functions to be invoked or commands to be executed).

       Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive.  Strings
       must  be surrounded  by	double	quote	characters  (e.g.
       "blue")	and are case-sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside
       of a string causes the remainder of the line in which  the
       character appears to be treated as a comment.

VARIABLES
       Many of the aspects of twm's user interface are controlled
       by variables that may be set in the user's  startup  file.
       Some  of the options are enabled or disabled simply by the
       presence of a particular keyword.  Other options	 require
       keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.

       Lists  are  surrounded by braces and are usually separated
       by whitespace or a newline.  For example:

	    AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }

       or

	    AutoRaise
	    {
		 "emacs"
		 "XTerm"
		 "Xmh"
	    }

       When a variable containing a list of strings  representing

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       windows	is  searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to
       enable autoraise as shown above),  a  string  must  be  an
       exact, case-sensitive match to the window's name (given by
       the WM_NAME window property), resource name or class  name
       (both given by the WM_CLASS window property).  The preced-
       ing  example  would  enable  autoraise  on  windows  named
       ``emacs''  as  well  as any xterm (since they are of class
       ``XTerm'') or xmh windows (which are of class ``Xmh'').

       String arguments that are interpreted  as  filenames  (see
       the   Pixmaps,  Cursors, and  IconDirectory  below)  will
       prepend the user's directory (specified by the HOME  envi-
       ronment	variable)  if the first character is a tilde (~).
       If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the  name
       is  assumed  to	refer to one of the internal bitmaps that
       are used to create the default titlebars symbols:   :xlogo
       or  :delete  (both  refer to the X logo), :dot or :iconify
       (both refer to the dot), :resize (the nested squares  used
       by  the	resize	button),  :menu (a page with lines), and
       :question (the question mark used for non-existent  bitmap
       files).

       The  following  variables may be specified at the top of a
       twm startup file.  Lists of Window name prefix strings are
       indicated  by  win-list. Optional arguments are shown in
       square brackets:

       AutoRaise { win-list }
	       This variable specifies a  list	of  windows  that
	       should	automatically	be  raised  whenever  the
	       pointer enters the window.   This  action  can  be
	       interactively  enabled  or  disabled on individual
	       windows using the function f.autoraise.

       AutoRelativeResize
	       This variable indicates that dragging out a window
	       size (either when initially sizing the window with
	       pointer Button2 or when resizing it)  should  not
	       wait  until  the pointer	 has  crossed the window
	       edges.  Instead, moving the pointer  automatically
	       causes  the  nearest  edge or edges to move by the
	       same amount.  This allows the resizing of  windows
	       that  extend  off  the edge of the screen.  If the
	       pointer is in the center of the window, or if  the
	       resize  is  begun  by  pressing a titlebutton, twm
	       will still wait for the pointer to cross a  window
	       edge  (to prevent accidents).  This option is par-
	       ticularly useful for people who	like  the  press-
	       drag-release  method of sweeping out window sizes.

       BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]
	       This variable specifies the default color  of  the
	       border  to be placed around all non-iconified win-
	       dows, and  may  only  be given	within	a  Color,

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	       Grayscale  or  Monochrome list.	The optional win-
	       colorlist specifies a list  of  window  and  color
	       name pairs for specifying particular border colors
	       for different types of windows.	For example:

		    BorderColor "gray50"
		    {
			 "XTerm"   "red"
			 "xmh"	"green"
		    }

	       The default is "black".

       BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]
	       This variable  specifies the  default  background
	       color  in  the  gray pattern used in unhighlighted
	       borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and
	       may  only  be  given  within a Color, Grayscale or
	       Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist allows
	       per-window  colors  to  be specified.  The default
	       is "white".

       BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]
	       This variable  specifies the  default  foreground
	       color  in  the  gray pattern used in unhighlighted
	       borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and
	       may  only  be  given  within a Color, Grayscale or
	       Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist allows
	       per-window colors to be specified.  The default is
	       "black".

       BorderWidth pixels
	       This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
	       border  surrounding  all client	window frames if
	       ClientBorderWidth has not  been	specified.   This
	       value  is also used to set the border size of win-
	       dows created by twm (such as  the  icon	manager).
	       The default is 2.

       ButtonIndent pixels
	       This variable specifies the amount by which title-
	       buttons should be indented on all sides. Positive
	       values  cause  the  buttons to be smaller than the
	       window text and highlight area so that they  stand
	       out.   Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth
	       variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as	tall  and
	       wide as possible.  The default is 1.

       ClientBorderWidth
	       This  variable  indicates  that	border width of a
	       window's frame should be set to the initial border
	       width  of  the window, rather than to the value of
	       BorderWidth.

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       Color { colors-list }
	       This variable specifies a list  of  color  assign-
	       ments to be made if the default display is capable
	       of displaying more than simple  black  and  white.
	       The  colors-list is made up of the following color
	       variables  and  their  values:  DefaultBackground,
	       DefaultForeground, MenuBackground, MenuForeground,
	       MenuTitleBackground,	  MenuTitleForeground,
	       MenuShadowColor, PointerForeground,  and Pointer-
	       Background.  The following  color  variables  may
	       also  be given	a  list of window and color name
	       pairs to allow per-window colors to  be	specified
	       (see  BorderColor for details): BorderColor, Icon-
	       ManagerHighlight, BorderTitleBackground, BorderTi-
	       tleForeground,  TitleBackground, TitleForeground,
	       IconBackground,	IconForeground, IconBorderColor,
	       IconManagerBackground,  and IconManagerForeground.
	       For example:

		    Color
		    {
			 MenuBackground "gray50"
			 MenuForeground "blue"
			 BorderColor		"red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
			 TitleForeground	  "yellow"
			 TitleBackground	  "blue"
		    }

	       All of these color variables may also be specified
	       for  the Monochrome  variable,	allowing the same
	       initialization file to be used on both  color  and
	       monochrome displays.

       ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds
	       This variable specifies the length of time between
	       button clicks needed to begin a	constrained  move
	       operation.   Double clicking within this amount of
	       time when invoking f.move will cause the window to
	       be  moved  only in a horizontal or vertical direc-
	       tion.  Setting this value to 0 will  disable  con-
	       strained moves.	The default is 400 milliseconds.

       Cursors { cursor-list }
	       This variable specifies the glyphs that twm should
	       use  for various pointer cursors.  Each cursor may
	       be defined either from the cursor font or from two
	       bitmap  files.  Shapes from the cursor font may be
	       specified directly as:

			 cursorname	"string"

	       where cursorname is one of the cursor names listed
	       below,  and string is the name of a glyph as found
	       in   the file	<XRoot>/include/X11/cursorfont.h

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	       (without the ``XC_'' prefix).  If the cursor is to
	       be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax
	       is used instead:

			 cursorname	"image" "mask"

	       The  image  and	mask strings specify the names of
	       files containing the  glyph  image  and	mask  in
	       bitmap(1)  form. The bitmap files are located in
	       the same manner as icon bitmap files.  The follow-
	       ing example shows the default cursor definitions:

		    Cursors
		    {
			 Frame		"top_left_arrow"
			 Title		"top_left_arrow"
			 Icon	"top_left_arrow"
			 IconMgr   "top_left_arrow"
			 Move	"fleur"
			 Resize		"fleur"
			 Menu	"sb_left_arrow"
			 Button		"hand2"
			 Wait	"watch"
			 Select		"dot"
			 Destroy   "pirate"
		    }

       DecorateTransients
	       This  variable  indicates  that	transient windows
	       (those  containing  a  WM_TRANSIENT_FOR	property)
	       should have titlebars.  By default, transients are
	       not reparented.

       DefaultBackground string
	       This variable specifies the background color to be
	       used  for  sizing  and  information  windows.  The
	       default is "white".

       DefaultForeground string
	       This variable specifies the foreground color to be
	       used  for  sizing  and  information  windows.  The
	       default is "black".

       DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }
	       This variable specifies a  list	of  windows  that
	       should  not  be	iconified by simply unmapping the
	       window (as would be the case if IconifyByUnmapping
	       had  been  set). This is frequently used to force
	       some windows to be treated as  icons  while  other
	       windows are handled by the icon manager.

       DontMoveOff
	       This variable indicates that windows should not be

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	       allowed to be moved off the  screen.   It  can  be
	       overridden by the f.forcemove function.

       DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]
	       This  variable indicates that titlebars should not
	       be squeezed to their  minimum  size  as	described
	       under  SqueezeTitle below.  If the optional window
	       list is supplied, only those windows will be  pre-
	       vented from being squeezed.

       ForceIcons
	       This  variable  indicates that icon pixmaps speci-
	       fied in the Icons  variable  should  override  any
	       client-supplied pixmaps.

       FramePadding pixels
	       This  variable  specifies the distance between the
	       titlebar decorations (the button and text) and the
	       window frame.  The default is 2 pixels.

       Grayscale { colors }
	       This  variable  specifies  a list of color assign-
	       ments that should be made  if  the  screen  has	a
	       GrayScale  default visual.  See the description of
	       Colors.

       IconBackground string [{ win-list }]
	       This variable specifies the  background	color  of
	       icons,  and  may only  be  specified  inside of a
	       Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list.  The optional
	       win-list is  a list of window names and colors so
	       that per-window colors may be specified. See  the
	       BorderColor variable for a complete description of
	       the win-list.  The default is "white".

       IconBorderColor string [{ win-list }]
	       This variable specifies the color  of  the  border
	       used  for  icon windows, and may only be specified
	       inside of a Color, Grayscale or	Monochrome  list.
	       The  optional  win-list	is a list of window names
	       and colors so that per-window colors may be speci-
	       fied.  See the BorderColor variable for a complete
	       description  of	the  win-list.	The  default  is
	       "black".

       IconBorderWidth pixels
	       This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
	       border surrounding icon windows. The  default  is
	       2.

       IconDirectory string
	       This  variable specifies the directory that should
	       be searched if if a bitmap file cannot be found in
	       any  of	the  directories  in  the  bitmapFilePath

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	       resource.

       IconFont string
	       This variable specifies the font to  be	used  to
	       display	icon  names within icons.  The default is
	       "variable".

       IconForeground string [{ win-list }]
	       This variable specifies the foreground color to be
	       used when displaying icons, and may only be speci-
	       fied inside of a Color,	Grayscale  or  Monochrome
	       list.   The  optional win-list is a list of window
	       names and colors so that per-window colors may  be
	       specified.   See the  BorderColor  variable for a
	       complete description of the win-list.  The default
	       is "black".

       IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]
	       This  variable  indicates  that	windows should be
	       iconified by being unmapped without trying to  map
	       any  icons.  This assumes that the user will remap
	       the window through the icon manager, the f.warpto
	       function, or the TwmWindows menu.  If the optional
	       win-list is provided, only those windows will  be
	       iconified  by simply unmapping.	Windows that have
	       both this and the IconManagerDontShow options  set
	       may not be accessible if no binding to the TwmWin-
	       dows menu is set in the user's startup file.

       IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list }]
	       This variable specifies the  background	color  to
	       use  for icon  manager	entries,  and may only be
	       specified  inside  of  a Color,	 Grayscale   or
	       Monochrome  list.  The optional win-list is a list
	       of window names and colors so that per-window col-
	       ors  may be specified.	See the BorderColor vari-
	       able for a complete description of  the	win-list.
	       The default is "white".

       IconManagerDontShow [{ win-list }]
	       This  variable  indicates  that	the  icon manager
	       should not display any windows.	If  the optional
	       win-list is given, only those windows will not be
	       displayed.  This variable is used to prevent  win-
	       dows  that are rarely iconified (such as xclock or
	       xload) from taking up space in the icon manager.

       IconManagerFont string
	       This variable specifies the font to be  used  when
	       displaying  icon manager entries.  The default is
	       "variable".

       IconManagerForeground string [{ win-list }]
	       This variable specifies the foreground color to be

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	       used when displaying icon manager entries, and may
	       only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale  or
	       Monochrome  list.  The optional win-list is a list
	       of window names and colors so that per-window col-
	       ors  may be specified.	See the BorderColor vari-
	       able for a complete description of  the	win-list.
	       The default is "black".

       IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
	       This  variable  specifies the geometry of the icon
	       manager window.	The string argument  is standard
	       geometry specification that indicates the initial
	       full size of the icon manager.  The  icon  manager
	       window  is  then broken	into  columns pieces and
	       scaled according to the number of entries  in  the
	       icon  manager.	Extra entries are wrapped to form
	       additional rows. The default number of columns is
	       1.

       IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]
	       This  variable  specifies  the  border color to be
	       used when highlighting the icon manager entry that
	       currently has the focus, and can only be specified
	       inside of a Color, Grayscale or	Monochrome  list.
	       The  optional  win-list	is a list of window names
	       and colors so that per-window colors may be speci-
	       fied.  See the BorderColor variable for a complete
	       description  of	the  win-list.	The  default  is
	       "black".

       IconManagers { iconmgr-list }
	       This variable specifies a list of icon managers to
	       create.	Each item in  the  iconmgr-list has  the
	       following format:

			 "winname" ["iconname"] "geometry" columns

	       where  winname  is  the	name  of the windows that
	       should be put into this icon manager, iconname  is
	       the name of that icon manager window's icon, geom-
	       etry is a  standard  geometry  specification,  and
	       columns is the number of columns in this icon man-
	       ager as	described  in  IconManagerGeometry.   For
	       example:

		    IconManagers
		    {
			 "XTerm"   "=300x5+800+5" 5
			 "myhost"  "=400x5+100+5" 2
		    }

	       Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have
	       an entry created in the	``XTerm''  icon manager.
	       Clients	whose  name  was  ``myhost'' would be put

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	       into the ``myhost'' icon manager.

       IconManagerShow { win-list }
	       This variable specifies a  list	of  windows  that
	       should  appear  in the icon manager.  When used in
	       conjunction with the IconManagerDontShow variable,
	       only the windows in this list will be shown in the
	       icon manager.

       IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight
	       This variable specifies an area on the root window
	       in  which  icons are  placed  if no specific icon
	       location is provided by	the  client.   The  geom-
	       string  is  a  quoted string containing a standard
	       geometry specification.	If more than one  IconRe-
	       gion  lines  are given, icons will be put into the
	       succeeding icon regions when the first	is  full.
	       The vgrav argument should be either North or South
	       and control and is used to control  whether  icons
	       are  first filled in from the top or bottom of the
	       icon region.  Similarly, the hgrav argument should
	       be  either  East or  West  and is used to control
	       whether icons should be filled in from  left  from
	       the  right.   Icons are laid out within the region
	       in a grid with cells  gridwidth	pixels	wide  and
	       gridheight pixels high.

       Icons { win-list }
	       This variable specifies a list of window names and
	       the bitmap filenames that should be used as  their
	       icons.  For example:

		    Icons
		    {
			 "XTerm"   "xterm.icon"
			 "xfd"		"xfd_icon"
		    }

	       Windows	that  match  ``XTerm''	and  would not be
	       iconified by unmapping, and would try to use  the
	       icon bitmap in the file ``xterm.icon''.	If Force-
	       Icons is specified, this bitmap will be used  even
	       if the client has requested its own icon pixmap.

       InterpolateMenuColors
	       This  variable  indicates  that	menu entry colors
	       should be  interpolated	between entry	specified
	       colors.	In the example below:

		    Menu "mymenu"
		    {
			 "Title"	("black":"red")		f.title
			 "entry1"		 f.nop
			 "entry2"		 f.nop

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			 "entry3"  ("white":"green")   f.nop
			 "entry4"		 f.nop
			 "entry5"  ("red":"white")	  f.nop
		    }

	       the   foreground colors	 for	``entry1''   and
	       ``entry2'' will be interpolated between black  and
	       white,  and  the background colors between red and
	       green.  Similarly, the foreground  for  ``entry4''
	       will  be half-way  between white and red, and the
	       background will	be  half-way  between  green  and
	       white.

       MakeTitle { win-list }
	       This variable specifies a list of windows on which
	       a titlebar should be placed and is used to request
	       titles  on  specific windows when NoTitle has been
	       set.

       MaxWindowSize string
	       This variable specifies a geometry  in  which  the
	       width and height give the maximum size for a given
	       window.	This is typically used to  restrict  win-
	       dows to the size of the screen.	The default width
	       is 32767 - screen width. The  default  height  is
	       32767 - screen height.

       MenuBackground string
	       This  variable specifies the background color used
	       for menus, and can only be specified inside  of	a
	       Color or Monochrome list.  The default is "white".

       MenuFont string
	       This variable specifies the font to use when  dis-
	       playing menus.  The default is "variable".

       MenuForeground string
	       This  variable specifies the foreground color used
	       for menus, and can only be specified inside  of	a
	       Color,  Grayscale or Monochrome list.  The default
	       is "black".

       MenuShadowColor string
	       This variable specifies the color  of  the  shadow
	       behind  pull-down  menus and can only be specified
	       inside of a Color, Grayscale or	Monochrome  list.
	       The default is "black".

       MenuTitleBackground string
	       This  variable  specifies the background color for
	       f.title entries in menus, and can only  be  speci-
	       fied  inside  of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome
	       list.  The default is "white".

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       MenuTitleForeground string
	       This variable specifies the foreground  color  for
	       f.title entries in menus and can only be specified
	       inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The default
	       is "black".

       Monochrome { colors }
	       This  variable  specifies  a list of color assign-
	       ments that should be made  if  the  screen  has	a
	       depth of 1.  See the description of Colors.

       MoveDelta pixels
	       This  variable  specifies the number of pixels the
	       pointer	must  move  before  the f.move	function
	       starts  working. Also	see the f.deltastop func-
	       tion.  The default is zero pixels.

       NoBackingStore
	       This variable indicates that  twm's  menus  should
	       not  request  backing store to minimize repainting
	       of menus.  This is  typically  used  with  servers
	       that can repaint faster than they can handle back-
	       ing store.

       NoCaseSensitive
	       This  variable  indicates  that	case  should   be
	       ignored	when  sorting  icon names in an icon man-
	       ager.  This option is typically used with applica-
	       tions  that  capitalize	the first letter of their
	       icon name.

       NoDefaults
	       This variable indicates that twm should not supply
	       the   default  titlebuttons  and bindings.   This
	       option should only be used  if  the  startup  file
	       contains a completely new set of bindings and def-
	       initions.

       NoGrabServer
	       This variable indicates that twm should	not  grab
	       the server when popping up menus and moving opaque
	       windows.

       NoHighlight [{ win-list }]
	       This variable indicates that borders should not be
	       highlighted  to track the location of the pointer.
	       If the optional win-list is  given,  highlighting
	       will only be disabled for those windows. When the
	       border is highlighted, it will  be  drawn  in  the
	       current BorderColor.  When the border is not high-
	       lighted, it will be stippled with a  gray  pattern
	       using the current BorderTileForeground and Border-
	       TileBackground colors.

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       NoIconManagers
	       This  variable  indicates  that	no  icon  manager
	       should be created.

       NoMenuShadows
	       This variable indicates that menus should not have
	       drop shadows drawn behind them.	This is typically
	       used  with  slower servers since it speeds up menu
	       drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly
	       harder to read.

       NoRaiseOnDeiconify
	       This  variable  indicates  that	windows that are
	       deiconified should not be raised.

       NoRaiseOnMove
	       This variable indicates that windows should not be
	       raised  when  moved.   This  is	typically used to
	       allow windows to slide underneath each other.

       NoRaiseOnResize
	       This variable indicates that windows should not be
	       raised  when  resized.	This is typically used to
	       allow windows to be resized underneath each other.

       NoRaiseOnWarp
	       This variable indicates that windows should not be
	       raised when the pointer is warped into  them  with
	       the  f.warpto  function. If  this option is set,
	       warping to an occluded window may  result  in  the
	       pointer	ending up in the occluding window instead
	       the desired window (which causes unexpected behav-
	       ior with f.warpring).

       NoSaveUnders
	       This  variable  indicates  that	menus  should not
	       request save-unders to minimize window  repainting
	       following  menu	selection.   It is typically used
	       with displays that can repaint  faster  than  they
	       can handle save-unders.

       NoStackMode [{ win-list }]
	       This   variable	indicates   that  client  window
	       requests to  change  stacking  order  should   be
	       ignored. If the optional win-list is given, only
	       requests on those windows will be  ignored.   This
	       is  typically  used  to	prevent applications from
	       relentlessly popping themselves to  the	front  of
	       the window stack.

       NoTitle [{ win-list }]
	       This  variable  indicates  that windows should not
	       have  titlebars. If  the	 optional  win-list  is
	       given, only those windows will not have titlebars.

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	       MakeTitle may be used with this	option	to  force
	       titlebars to be put on specific windows.

       NoTitleFocus
	       This  variable  indicates  that twm should not set
	       keyboard input focus  to each  window  as  it  is
	       entered. Normally,  twm	sets	the focus so that
	       focus and key events from the  titlebar	and  icon
	       managers are delivered to the application.  If the
	       pointer is  moved  quickly  and	twm  is slow  to
	       respond, input	can be directed to the old window
	       instead of the new.  This option is typically used
	       to  prevent  this ``input lag'' and to work around
	       bugs in older applications that have problems with
	       focus events.

       NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]
	       This variable indicates that the highlight area of
	       the titlebar, which is used to indicate the window
	       that  currently has the input focus, should not be
	       displayed.  If the  optional  win-list  is  given,
	       only  those windows will not have highlight areas.
	       This and the SqueezeTitle options can  be  set  to
	       substantially  reduce  the  amount of screen space
	       required by titlebars.

       OpaqueMove
	       This variable indicates that the f.move	function
	       should actually move the window instead of just an
	       outline so that the user can immediately see  what
	       the  window  will  look	like in the new position.
	       This option is typically used  on  fast	displays
	       (particularly if NoGrabServer is set).

       Pixmaps { pixmaps }
	       This  variable  specifies  a  list of pixmaps that
	       define the appearance  of  various  images.   Each
	       entry  is  a keyword indicating the pixmap to set,
	       followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap
	       file.  The following pixmaps may be specified:

		    Pixmaps
		    {
			 TitleHighlight "gray1"
		    }

	       The  default  for TitleHighlight is to use an even
	       stipple pattern.

       Priority priority
	       This  variable  sets  twm's  priority.	priority
	       should  be  an unquoted, signed number (e.g. 999).
	       This variable has an effect  only  if  the  server
	       supports the SYNC extension.

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       RandomPlacement
	       This variable indicates that windows with no spec-
	       ified geometry should be placed in a pseudo-random
	       location instead	 of  having the user drag out an
	       outline.

       ResizeFont string
	       This variable specifies the font to be used for in
	       the  dimensions window when resizing windows.  The
	       default is "fixed".

       RestartPreviousState
	       This variable indicates that twm should attempt to
	       use  the WM_STATE  property  on client windows to
	       tell which windows should be iconified  and  which
	       should be left visible.	This is typically used to
	       try to regenerate the state that the screen was in
	       before the previous window manager was shutdown.

       SaveColor { colors-list }
	       This  variable  indicates  a list of color assign-
	       ments to be stored as pixel  values  in	the  root
	       window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS.  Clients may
	       elect to preserve  these values	when  installing
	       their  own colormap.  Note that use of this mecha-
	       nism is a way an for  application  to  avoid  the
	       "technicolor"   problem, whereby	 useful	 screen
	       objects such as window borders and titlebars  dis-
	       appear when a programs custom colors are installed
	       by the window manager.  For example:

		    SaveColor
		    {
			    BorderColor
			    TitleBackground
			    TitleForeground
			    "red"
			    "green"
			    "blue"
		    }

	       This would place on the root window 3 pixel values
	       for  borders  and  titlebars, as well as the three
	       color strings, all taken from  the  default  col-
	       ormap.

       ShowIconManager
	       This variable indicates that the icon manager win-
	       dow should be displayed when twm is  started.   It
	       can  always  be brought up using the f.showiconmgr
	       function.

       SortIconManager
	       This variable indicates that entries in	the  icon

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	       manager	should	be  sorted  alphabetically rather
	       than by simply appending new windows to the end.

       SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]
	       This variable indicates that twm should attempt to
	       use  the SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy
	       only as much screen space  as  they  need,  rather
	       than  extending	all the way across the top of the
	       window.	The optional squeeze-list may be used  to
	       control	the  location  of  the	squeezed titlebar
	       along the top of the window.  It contains  entries
	       of the form:

			 "name"		justification  num  denom

	       where  name  is	a  window  name, justification is
	       either left, center, or right, and num  and  denom
	       are numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative
	       position about which the titlebar  is  justified.
	       The  ratio  is  measured from left to right if the
	       numerator is positive, and right to left if  nega-
	       tive.   A  denominator  of  0  indicates that the
	       numerator should be measured in pixels.	For  con-
	       venience,  the  ratio  0/0  is the same as 1/2 for
	       center and -1/1 for right.  For example:

		    SqueezeTitle
		    {
			 "XTerm"   left 0	0
			 "xterm1"  left 1	3
			 "xterm2"  left 2	3
			 "oclock"  center	 0    0
			 "emacs"   right	  0    0
		    }

	       The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn  off
	       squeezing on certain titles.

       StartIconified [{ win-list }]
	       This variable indicates that client windows should
	       initially  be  left  as	icons  until   explicitly
	       deiconified by the user. If the optional win-list
	       is given,  only	those  windows	will  be  started
	       iconic.	This  is useful for programs that do not
	       support	an  -iconic  command   line   option   or
	       resource.

       TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]
	       This  variable specifies the background color used
	       in titlebars, and may only be specified inside  of
	       a   Color,  Grayscale  or  Monochrome  list.   The
	       optional win-list is a list of  window  names  and
	       colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
	       The default is "white".

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       TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels
	       This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
	       border  surrounding  titlebuttons.   This is typi-
	       cally set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as
	       much  space  as possible and to not have a border.
	       The default is 1.

       TitleFont string
	       This variable specifies the font to  be	used  for
	       displaying window names in titlebars.  The default
	       is "variable".

       TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]
	       This variable specifies the foreground color  used
	       in  titlebars, and may only be specified inside of
	       a  Color,  Grayscale  or Monochrome  list.    The
	       optional win-list  is  a list of window names and
	       colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
	       The default is "black".

       TitlePadding pixels
	       This  variable  specifies the distance between the
	       various buttons, text, and highlight areas in  the
	       titlebar.  The default is 8 pixels.

       UnknownIcon string
	       This  variable  specifies the filename of a bitmap
	       file to be used as the default icon.  This  bitmap
	       will  be used as the icon of all clients which do
	       not provide an icon bitmap and are not  listed  in
	       the Icons list.

       UsePPosition string
	       This  variable specifies whether or not twm should
	       honor program-requested locations  (given  by  the
	       PPosition flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in
	       the absence of  a  user-specified  position.   The
	       argument string	may  have  one	of three values:
	       "off" (the default)  indicating	that  twm  should
	       ignore  the  program-supplied position, "on" indi-
	       cating that the position should be used, and "non-
	       zero"  indicating that the position should used if
	       it is other than (0,0).	The latter option is  for
	       working around a bug in older toolkits.

       WarpCursor [{ win-list }]
	       This variable indicates that the pointer should be
	       warped into windows when they are deiconified.  If
	       the  optional  win-list is given, the pointer will
	       only be warped when those windows are deiconified.

       WindowRing { win-list }
	       This  variable  specifies  a list of windows along
	       which the f.warpring function cycles.

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       WarpUnmapped
	       This variable indicates that the f.warpto function
	       should  deiconify any iconified windows it encoun-
	       ters.  This is typically used to make a key  bind-
	       ing  that  will	pop  a particular window (such as
	       xmh), no matter where it is.  The default  is  for
	       f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.

       XorValue number
	       This  variable  specifies  the  value  to use when
	       drawing window outlines for moving  and	resizing.
	       This  should be set to a value that will result in
	       a variety of of distinguishable colors when exclu-
	       sive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typical
	       screen.	Setting this variable to  1  often  gives
	       nice  results  if  adjacent  colors in the default
	       colormap are  distinct.	By  default,	twm  will
	       attempt	to cause temporary lines to appear at the
	       opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.

       Zoom [ count ]
	       This variable indicates that  outlines  suggesting
	       movement of  a	window	to and from its iconified
	       state should be displayed  whenever  a  window  is
	       iconified  or  deiconified.   The  optional  count
	       argument specifies the number of outlines  to  be
	       drawn.  The default count is 8.

       The  following  variables must be set after the fonts have
       been assigned, so it is usually best to put  them  at  the
       end  of	the  variables	or beginning of the bindings sec-
       tions:

       DefaultFunction function
	       This variable specifies the function  to be  exe-
	       cuted  when  a key or button event is received for
	       which no binding is provided.  This  is	typically
	       bound  to f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing win-
	       dow operations.

       WindowFunction function
	       This variable specifies the  function  to  execute
	       when  a	window	is  selected  from the TwmWindows
	       menu.  If this variable is  not	set,  the  window
	       will be deiconified and raised.

BINDINGS
       After  the  desired variables have been set, functions may
       be attached titlebuttons and  key  and	pointer buttons.
       Titlebuttons  may be added from the left or right side and
       appear in the titlebar from left-to-right according to the
       order in which they are specified.  Key and pointer button
       bindings may be given in any order.

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       Titlebuttons specifications must include the name  of  the
       pixmap  to  use	in  the button box and the function to be
       invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them:

	    LeftTitleButton "bitmapname"  = function

       or

	    RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function

       The bitmapname may refer to one of the	built-in  bitmaps
       (which  are scaled to match TitleFont) by using the appro-
       priate colon-prefixed name described above.

       Key and pointer button specifications must give the  modi-
       fiers that must be pressed, over which parts of the screen
       the pointer must be, and what function is to  be invoked.
       Keys  are  given as  strings  containing	 the appropriate
       keysym name;  buttons  are  given  as  the  keywords  But-
       ton1-Button5:

	    "FP1"	  = modlist : context : function
	    Button1   = modlist : context : function

       The  modlist  is any  combination  of  the modifier names
       shift, control, lock, meta, mod1,  mod2, mod3,	mod4,  or
       mod5  (which may be abbreviated as s, c, l, m, m1, m2, m3,
       m4, m5, respectively) separated by  a  vertical	bar  (|).
       Similarly,  the	context is  any	 combination  of window,
       title, icon, root, frame,  iconmgr,  their  first  letters
       (iconmgr abbreviation is m), or all, separated by a verti-
       cal  bar.   The	function  is  any  of  the  f.	keywords
       described  below.   For	example, the default startup file
       contains the following bindings:

	    Button1   = : root	 : f.menu "TwmWindows"
	    Button1   = m  : window | icon     : f.function "move-or-lower"
	    Button2   = m  : window | icon     : f.iconify
	    Button3   = m  : window | icon     : f.function "move-or-raise"
	    Button1   = : title : f.function "move-or-raise"
	    Button2   = : title : f.raiselower
	    Button1   = : icon	 : f.function "move-or-iconify"
	    Button2   = : icon	 : f.iconify
	    Button1   = : iconmgr : f.iconify
	    Button2   = : iconmgr : f.iconify

       A user who wanted to be able to	manipulate  windows  from
       the keyboard could use the following bindings:

	    "F1" =    : all	  : f.iconify
	    "F2" =    : all	  : f.raiselower
	    "F3" =    : all	  : f.warpring "next"
	    "F4" =    : all	  : f.warpto "xmh"
	    "F5" =    : all	  : f.warpto "emacs"

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	    "F6" =    : all	  : f.colormap "next"
	    "F7" =    : all	  : f.colormap "default"
	    "F20"     = : all	  : f.warptoscreen "next"
	    "Left"    = m  : all	  : f.backiconmgr
	    "Right"   = m | s	: all	  : f.forwiconmgr
	    "Up" = m  : all	  : f.upiconmgr
	    "Down"    = m | s	: all	  : f.downiconmgr

       Twm provides many more window manipulation primitives than
       can be conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set  of
       key  bindings.	Although a small set of defaults are sup-
       plied (unless the NoDefaults  is specified),  most  users
       will  want  to  have their most common operations bound to
       key and button strokes.	To do this, twm associates  names
       with  each  of  the  primitives	and provides user-defined
       functions for building higher level primitives  and  menus
       for interactively selecting among groups of functions.

       User-defined  functions contain the name by which they are
       referenced in calls to f.function  and  a  list	of  other
       functions to execute.  For example:

	    Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
	    Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
	    Function "move-or-iconify"	{ f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
	    Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower }

       The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it
       appears in the function specification.

       In the descriptions below, if  the  function  is said  to
       operate on the selected window, but is invoked from a root
       menu, the cursor will be changed to the Select cursor  and
       the next window to receive a button press will be chosen:

       ! string
	       This is an abbreviation for f.exec string.

       f.autoraise
	       This  function toggles whether or not the selected
	       window is raised whenever entered by the pointer.
	       See the description of the variable AutoRaise.

       f.backiconmgr
	       This  function  warps  the pointer to the previous
	       column in the current icon manager, wrapping  back
	       to the previous row if necessary.

       f.beep  This function sounds the keyboard bell.

       f.bottomzoom
	       This  function  is similar to the f.fullzoom func-
	       tion, but resizes the window to fill only the bot-
	       tom half of the screen.

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       f.circledown
	       This  function  lowers  the  top-most  window that
	       occludes another window.

       f.circleup
	       This function raises the bottom-most  window  that
	       is occluded by another window.

       f.colormap string
	       This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from
	       the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on  the	 window)
	       that  twm will display when the pointer is in this
	       window.	The argument string may have one  of  the
	       following  values:  "next", "prev", and "default".
	       It should be  noted  here  that	in  general,  the
	       installed   colormap  is determined  by	keyboard
	       focus.	A  pointer  driven  keyboard  focus  will
	       install	a private colormap upon entry of the win-
	       dow owning the colormap. Using the click to  type
	       model,  private	colormaps  will not be installed
	       until the user presses a mouse button on the  tar-
	       get window.

       f.deiconify
	       This function deiconifies the selected window.  If
	       the window is not  an  icon,  this  function  does
	       nothing.

       f.delete
	       This  function  sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message
	       to the selected window if the  client  application
	       has  requested  it through the WM_PROTOCOLS window
	       property.  The application is supposed to  respond
	       to  the	message by removing the indicated window.
	       If the window has not  requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW
	       messages,  the keyboard bell will be rung indicat-
	       ing that the user  should  choose  an  alternative
	       method.	Note	this	is  very  different  from
	       f.destroy.  The intent here is to delete a  single
	       window,	not necessarily the entire application.

       f.deltastop
	       This function allows a user-defined function to be
	       aborted if the pointer has been	moved  more  than
	       MoveDelta  pixels.   See the  example  definition
	       given for Function "move-or-raise" at  the  begin-
	       ning of the section.

       f.destroy
	       This  function instructs the X server to close the
	       display connection of the client that created  the
	       selected window.	  This	should only be used as a
	       last resort for	shutting  down	runaway clients.
	       See also f.delete.

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       f.downiconmgr
	       This function warps the pointer to the next row in
	       the current icon manger, wrapping to the beginning
	       of the next column if necessary.

       f.exec string
	       This   function	passes	the  argument  string  to
	       /bin/sh for execution.  In  multiscreen	mode,  if
	       string starts a new X client without giving a dis-
	       play argument,  the  client  will  appear  on  the
	       screen from which this function was invoked.

       f.focus This  function  toggles	the keyboard focus of the
	       server to the selected window, changing the  focus
	       rule  from  pointer-driven  if  necessary.  If the
	       selected window already was focused, this function
	       executes an f.unfocus.

       f.forcemove
	       This  function  is  like f.move	except	that  it
	       ignores the DontMoveOff variable.

       f.forwiconmgr
	       This function warps the pointer to the next column
	       in  the	current icon  manager,	wrapping  to the
	       beginning of the next row if necessary.

       f.fullzoom
	       This function resizes the selected window  to  the
	       full  size  of  the  display  or else restores the
	       original size if the window was already zoomed.

       f.function string
	       This function executes the  user-defined function
	       whose name is specified by the argument string.

       f.hbzoom
	       This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.

       f.hideiconmgr
	       This function unmaps the current icon manager.

       f.horizoom
	       This  variable  is  similar to the f.zoom function
	       except that the selected window is resized to  the
	       full width of the display.

       f.htzoom
	       This function is a synonym for f.topzoom.

       f.hzoom This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.

       f.iconify
	       This   function	iconifies   or	deiconifies  the

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	       selected window or icon, respectively.

       f.identify
	       This function displays a summary of the	name  and
	       geometry of  the	 selected window.  If the server
	       supports the SYNC extension, the priority  of  the
	       client	owning	the  window  is also  displayed.
	       Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in the win-
	       dow will dismiss it.

       f.lefticonmgr
	       This function similar to f.backiconmgr except that
	       wrapping does not change rows.

       f.leftzoom
	       This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func-
	       tion  but  causes  the  selected window	is  only
	       resized to the left half of the display.

       f.lower This function lowers the selected window.

       f.menu string
	       This function invokes the menu  specified  by  the
	       argument string.	  Cascaded menus may be built by
	       nesting calls to f.menu.

       f.move  This function drags an  outline	of  the selected
	       window  (or  the window	itself if the OpaqueMove
	       variable is set) until the invoking pointer button
	       is released.  Double clicking within the number of
	       milliseconds given  by  ConstrainedMoveTime  warps
	       the  pointer  to the center of the window and con-
	       strains the move to be either horizontal or verti-
	       cal  depending  on which grid line is crossed.  To
	       abort a move, press another button before  releas-
	       ing the first button.

       f.nexticonmgr
	       This  function  warps the pointer to the next icon
	       manager containing any windows on the  current  or
	       any succeeding screen.

       f.nop   This  function  does nothing and is typically used
	       with the DefaultFunction or  WindowFunction  vari-
	       ables or to introduce blank lines in menus.

       f.previconmgr
	       This  function  warps  the pointer to the previous
	       icon manager containing any windows on the current
	       or preceding screens.

       f.priority string
	       This function sets the priority of the client own-
	       ing the selected window to the  numeric	value  of

X Version 11		Release 6.4			 24

TWM(1)							TWM(1)

	       the  argument  string,  which  should  be a signed
	       integer in double  quotes  (e.g. "999"	).   This
	       function has an effect only if the server supports
	       the SYNC extension.

       f.quit  This function causes twm to restore  the window's
	       borders	and  exit.   If twm  is the first client
	       invoked from xdm, this will  result  in	a  server
	       reset.

       f.raise This function raises the selected window.

       f.raiselower
	       This  function  raises  the selected window to the
	       top of the stacking order if it is occluded by any
	       windows, otherwise the window will be lowered.

       f.refresh
	       This  function causes all windows to be refreshed.

       f.resize
	       This function displays an outline of the selected
	       window.	Crossing  a border (or setting AutoRela-
	       tiveResize) will cause the  outline  to	begin  to
	       rubber band until the invoking button is released.
	       To abort a resize,  press  another  button  before
	       releasing the first button.

       f.restart

	       This function kills and restarts twm.

       f.righticonmgr
	       This  function  is similar to f.nexticonmgr except
	       that wrapping does not change rows.

       f.rightzoom
	       This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func-
	       tion  except  that  the	selected  window  is only
	       resized to the right half of the display.

       f.saveyourself
	       This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF  message  to
	       the  selected  window if it has requested the mes-
	       sage in its WM_PROTOCOLS window property.  Clients
	       that  accept  this  message are supposed to check-
	       point all state associated  with the  window  and
	       update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the
	       ICCCM.  If the selected window  has  not selected
	       for  this message, the keyboard bell will be rung.

       f.showiconmgr
	       This function maps the current icon manager.

X Version 11		Release 6.4			 25

TWM(1)							TWM(1)

       f.sorticonmgr
	       This function sorts the	entries in  the	 current
	       icon  manager  alphabetically.	See  the variable
	       SortIconManager.

       f.title This function provides  a  centered,  unselectable
	       item  in a menu definition.  It should not be used
	       in any other context.

       f.topzoom
	       This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func-
	       tion  except  that  the	selected  window  is only
	       resized to the top half of the display.

       f.unfocus
	       This function resets the focus  back  to pointer-
	       driven.	This should be used when a focused window
	       is no longer desired.

       f.upiconmgr
	       This function warps the pointer	to  the previous
	       row  in	the current icon manager, wrapping to the
	       last row in the same column if necessary.

       f.vlzoom
	       This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom.

       f.vrzoom
	       This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.

       f.warpring string
	       This function warps the pointer	to  the next  or
	       previous window	(as  indicated	by  the argument
	       string, which may be "next" or  "prev")	specified
	       in the WindowRing variable.

       f.warpto string
	       This  function  warps  the  pointer  to the window
	       which has a name or class that matches string.  If
	       the window is iconified, it will be deiconified if
	       the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored.

       f.warptoiconmgr string
	       This  function  warps the pointer to the icon man-
	       ager entry associated with the  window  containing
	       the  pointer  in the icon manager specified by the
	       argument string. If string is  empty  (i.e.  ""),
	       the current icon manager is chosen.

       f.warptoscreen string
	       This  function  warps  the  pointer  to the screen
	       specified by the argument string.  String may be a
	       number  (e.g.  "0" or "1"), the word "next" (indi-
	       cating the current screen plus  1,  skipping  over

X Version 11		Release 6.4			 26

TWM(1)							TWM(1)

	       any  unmanaged screens), the word "back" (indicat-
	       ing the current screen minus 1, skipping over  any
	       unmanaged screens), or the word "prev" (indicating
	       the last screen visited.

       f.winrefresh
	       This function is similar to the f.refresh function
	       except that only the selected window is refreshed.

       f.zoom  This function is similar to the	f.fullzoom  func-
	       tion,  except  that  the only  the  height of the
	       selected window is changed.

MENUS
       Functions may be grouped and interactively selected  using
       pop-up (when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when
       associated with a titlebutton) menus.  Each menu specifi-
       cation  contains the  name  of	the  menu  as  it will be
       referred to by f.menu,  optional default	 foreground  and
       background  colors,  the list of item names and the func-
       tions they should  invoke,  and	optional  foreground  and
       background colors for individual items:

	    Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
	    {
		 string1   [ ("fore1":"backn")] function1
		 string2   [ ("fore2":"backn")] function2
		      .
		      .
		      .
		 stringN   [ ("foreN":"backN")] functionN
	    }

       The  menuname is case-sensitive. The optional deffore and
       defback arguments specify the  foreground  and  background
       colors  used on a color display to highlight menu entries.
       The string portion of each menu entry  will  be	the  text
       which will appear in the menu.  The optional fore and back
       arguments specify the foreground and background colors  of
       the  menu  entry when  the  pointer  is not in the entry.
       These colors will only be used on a  color  display.   The
       default	is  to	use the colors specified by the MenuFore-
       ground and MenuBackground variables.  The function portion
       of  the	menu entry is one of the functions, including any
       user-defined functions, or additional menus.

       There is a special menu named  TwmWindows  which contains
       the  names  of all of the client and twm-supplied windows.
       Selecting an entry will cause  the  WindowFunction  to  be
       executed on  that  window.  If WindowFunction hasn't been
       set, the window will be deiconified and raised.

X Version 11		Release 6.4			 27

TWM(1)							TWM(1)

ICONS
       Twm supports several different ways of manipulating iconi-
       fied  windows.	The  common  pixmap-and-text style may be
       laid out by hand or automatically arranged as described by
       the  IconRegion	variable.   In	addition, a terse grid of
       icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more  effi-
       cient  use of screen space as well as the ability to navi-
       gate among windows from the keyboard.

       An icon	manager is  a	window	that  contains	names  of
       selected or  all	 windows  currently  on the display.  In
       addition to the window name,  a	small  button  using  the
       default	iconify symbol	will be displayed to the left of
       the name when the window is iconified.  By default, click-
       ing  on	an  entry in the icon manager performs f.iconify.
       To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use  the
       the  iconmgr  context  when specifying button and keyboard
       bindings.

       Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs key-
       board  focus  to the  indicated window (setting the focus
       explicitly or else sending synthetic  events  NoTitleFocus
       is set). Using the f.upiconmgr, f.downiconmgr f.lefticon-
       mgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input focus can  be
       changed between windows directly from the keyboard.

BUGS
       The  resource manager should have been used instead of all
       of the window lists.

       The IconRegion variable should take a list.

       Double clicking very fast  to  get  the	constrained  move
       function will  sometimes	 cause	the window to move, even
       though the pointer is not moved.

       If IconifyByUnmapping is on  and windows	 are  listed  in
       IconManagerDontShow  but not  in	 DontIconifyByUnmapping,
       they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings  to
       f.menu "TwmWindows" or f.warpto are setup.

FILES
	$HOME/.twmrc.<screen number>
	$HOME/.twmrc
	<XRoot>/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       DISPLAY This  variable is used to determine which X server
	       to use.	It is also set during f.exec so that pro-
	       grams come up on the proper screen.

       HOME    This variable is used as the prefix for files that
	       begin with  a  tilde  and  for  locating the  twm
	       startup file.

X Version 11		Release 6.4			 28

TWM(1)							TWM(1)

SEE ALSO
       X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)

AUTHORS
       Tom  LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Con-
       sortium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard,
       MIT  X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave
       Payne, Apple Computer.

X Version 11		Release 6.4			 29

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