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combine(1)					     combine(1)

NAME
       combine - combine images to create new images.

SYNOPSIS
       combine [ options ... ] image composite [ mask ] combined

DESCRIPTION
       combine combine images to create new images.

EXAMPLES
       To combine a image of a cockatoo with a perch, use

	    combine cockatoo.miff perch.ras composite.miff

       To compute the difference between images in a series, use

	    combine -compose difference series.1 series.2 difference.miff

       To combine a image of a cockatoo with a perch starting at
       location (100,150), use

	    combine -geometry +100+150 cockatoo.miff perch.ras composite.miff

       To tile a logo across your image of a cockatoo, use

	    convert +shade 30x60 cockatoo.miff mask.miff
	    combine -compose bumpmap -tile logo.gif cockatoo.miff mask.miff composite.miff

OPTIONS
       -blend value
	      blend the two images a given percent.

       -colors value
	      preferred number of colors in the image.

	      The actual number of colors in the image may be
	      less than your request, but never more.  Note, this
	      is a color reduction option.  Images with less
	      unique colors than specified with this option will
	      remain unchanged. Refer to quantize(9) for more
	      details.

	      Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
	      affect the color reduction algorithm.

       -colorspace value
	      the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB, Transpar-
	      ent, XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, or YUV.

	      Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB
	      color space.  Empirical evidence suggests that dis-
	      tances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ corre-
	      spond to perceptual color differences more closely
	      than do distances in RGB space.  These color spaces

ImageMagick		10 January 1993			1

combine(1)					     combine(1)

	      may give better results when color reducing an
	      image.  Refer to quantize(9) for more details.

	      The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in
	      that it preserves the matte channel of the image if
	      it exists.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for
	      this option to take effect.

       -comment string
	      annotate an image with a comment.

	      By default, each image is commented with its file
	      name.  Use this option to assign a specific comment
	      to the image.  Optionally you can include the image
	      filename, type, width, height, or scene number by
	      embedding special format characters.  Embed %f for
	      filename, %d for directory, %e for filename exten-
	      tion, %t for top of filename, %m for magick, %w for
	      width, %h for height, %s for scene number, %b for
	      file size, or \n for newline.  For example,

		   -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480
	      for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is
	      512 and height is 480.

	      If the first character of string is @, the image
	      comment is read from a file titled by the remaining
	      characters in the string.

       -compose operator
	      the type of image composition.

	      By default, each of the composite image pixels are
	      replaced by the cooresponding image tile pixel. You
	      can choose an alternate composite operation:

		  over
		  in
		  out
		  atop
		  xor
		  plus
		  minus
		  add
		  subtract
		  difference
		  bumpmap
		  replace

	      How each operator behaves is described below.

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       over   The result will be the union of the two image
	      shapes, with composite image obscuring image in the
	      region of overlap.

       in     The result is simply composite image cut by the
	      shape of image.  None of the image data of image
	      will be in the result.

       out    The resulting image is composite image with the
	      shape of image cut out.

       atop   The result is the same shape as image image, with
	      composite image obscuring image where the image
	      shapes overlap.  Note this differs from over
	      because the portion of composite image outside
	      image's shape does not appear in the result.

       xor    The result is the image data from both composite
	      image and image that is outside the overlap region.
	      The overlap region will be blank.

       plus   The result is just the sum of the image data.  Out-
	      put values are cropped to 255 (no overflow).  This
	      operation is independent of the matte channels.

       minus  The result of composite image - image, with under-
	      flow cropped to zero.  The matte channel is ignored
	      (set to 255, full coverage).

       add    The result of composite image + image, with over-
	      flow wrapping around (mod 256).

       subtract
	      The result of composite image - image, with under-
	      flow wrapping around (mod 256).  The add and sub-
	      tract operators can be used to perform reversible
	      transformations.

       difference
	      The result of abs(composite image - image).  This
	      is useful for comparing two very similar images.

       bumpmap
	      The result image shaded by composite image.

       replace
	      The resulting image is image replaced with compos-
	      ite image.  Here the matte information is ignored.

	      The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha
	      channel in the image for some operations. This
	      extra channel usually defines a mask which repre-
	      sents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
	      This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage)

ImageMagick		10 January 1993			3

combine(1)					     combine(1)

	      for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
	      between zero and 255 on the boundary.  For certain
	      operations, if image does not have a matte channel,
	      it is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in
	      color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255 (to
	      work properly borderwidth must be 0).

       -compress type
	      the type of image compression: No, RunlengthEn-
	      coded, or Zip.

	      Specify +compress to store the binary image in an
	      uncompressed format.  The default is the compres-
	      sion type of the specified image file.

       -density <width>x<height>
	      vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the
	      image.

	      This option specifies an image density when decod-
	      ing a Postscript or Portable Document page.  The
	      default is 72 pixels per inch in the horizontal and
	      vertical direction.

       -displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>
	      shift image pixels as defined by a displacement
	      map.

	      With this option, composite image is used as a dis-
	      placement map.  Black, within the displacement map,
	      is a maximum positive displacement.  White is a
	      maximum negative displacement and middle gray is
	      neutral.	The displacement is scaled to determine
	      the pixel shift.	By default, the displacement
	      applies in both the horizontal and vertical direc-
	      tions.  However, if you specify mask, composite
	      image is the horizontal X displacement and mask the
	      vertical Y displacement.

       -display host:display[.screen]
	      specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).

       -dispose method
	      GIF disposal method.

	      Here are the valid methods:

		   0	No disposal specified.
		   1	Do not dispose.
		   2	Restore to background color.
		   3	Restore to previous.

       -dither
	      apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

ImageMagick		10 January 1993			4

combine(1)					     combine(1)

	      The basic strategy of dithering is to trade inten-
	      sity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging
	      the intensities of several neighboring pixels.
	      Images which suffer from severe contouring when
	      reducing colors can be improved with this option.

	      The -colors option is required for dithering to
	      take effect.

       -font name
	      This option specifies the font to be used for dis-
	      playing normal text.  The default is fixed.

       -geometry <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y off-
       set>{!}{<}{>}
	      the width and height of the image.

	      By default, the width and height are maximum val-
	      ues.  That is, the image is expanded or contracted
	      to fit the width and height value while maintaining
	      the aspect ratio of the image.  Append an exclama-
	      tion point to the geometry to force the image size
	      to exactly the size you specify.	For example, if
	      you specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640
	      pixels and height to 480. If only one factor is
	      specified, both the width and height assume the
	      value.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead,
	      append %. The image size is multiplied by the
	      width and height percentages to obtain the final
	      image dimensions. To increase the size of an
	      image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%).
	      To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less
	      than 100.

	      Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if
	      its size exceeds the geometry specification.  >
	      resizes the image only if its dimensions is less
	      than the geometry specification.	For example, if
	      you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512,
	      the image size does not change.  However, if the
	      image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.

	      By default the images are combined relative to the
	      image gravity (see -gravity).  Use <x offset> and
	      <y offset> to specify a particular location to com-
	      bine the images.

       -gravity direction
	      direction image gravitates to within the composite.
	      See X(1) for details about the gravity specifica-
	      tion.

ImageMagick		10 January 1993			5

combine(1)					     combine(1)

	      The image may not fill the composite completely
	      (see -geometry).	The direction you choose speci-
	      fies where to position the image within the compos-
	      ite.  For example Center gravity forces the image
	      to be centered within the composite.  A gravity of
	      Forget stretches the composite to the same size as
	      the image.  By default, the image gravity is North-
	      West.

       -interlace type
	      the type of interlacing scheme: No, Line, Plane, or
	      Partition.  The default is Plane.

	      This option is used to specify the type of inter-
	      lacing scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or
	      YUV.  No means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRG-
	      BRGB...), Line uses scanline interlacing
	      (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane
	      uses plane interlacing
	      (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).  Partition is like
	      plane except the different planes are saved to
	      individual files (e.g.  image.R, image.G, and
	      image.B).

	      Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF or
	      progressive JPEG image.

       -label name
	      assign a label to an image.

	      Use this option to assign a specific label to the
	      image.  Optionally you can include the image file-
	      name, type, width, height, or scene number in the
	      label by embedding special format characters.
	      Embed %f for filename, %d for directory, %e for
	      filename extention, %t for top of filename, %m for
	      magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene
	      number, %b for file size in kilobytes, or \n for
	      newline.	For example,

		   -label "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480
	      for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is
	      512 and height is 480.

	      If the first character of string is @, the image
	      label is read from a file titled by the remaining
	      characters in the string.

	      When converting to Postscript, use this option to
	      specify a header string to print above the image.

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one.

ImageMagick		10 January 1993			6

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       -monochrome
	      transform the image to black and white.

       -negate
	      apply color inversion to image.

	      The red, green, and blue intensities of an image
	      are negated.  Use +negate to only negate the
	      grayscale pixels of the image.

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      preferred size and location of the Postscript page.

	      Use this option to specify the dimensions of the
	      Postscript page in pixels per inch or a TEXT page
	      in pixels.  The default for a Postscript page is to
	      center the image on a letter page 612 by 792 pix-
	      els. The margins are 1/2" (i.e.  612x792+42+42).
	      Other common sizes are:

		  Letter      612x 792
		  Tabloid     792x1224
		  Ledger     1224x 792
		  Legal 612x1008
		  Statement   396x 612
		  Executive   540x 720
		  A3	  842x1190
		  A4	  595x 842
		  A5	  420x 595
		  B4	  729x1032
		  B5	  516x 729
		  Folio 612x 936
		  Quarto      610x 780
		  10x14 720x1008

	      For convenience you can specify the page size by
	      media (e.g.  A4, Ledger, etc.).

	      To place a Postscript image with a given size on a
	      given location on a page, use -page +HOFFSET+VOFF-
	      SET -geometry WIDTHxHEIGHT (fill in numbers). Note:
	      this is only for generating Postscript, not Encap-
	      sulated Postscript.

	      To position a GIF image, use -page +LEFT+TOP (e.g.
	      -page +100+200).

	      The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is
	      612x792.

       -quality value
	      JPEG quality setting.

	      Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default is

ImageMagick		10 January 1993			7

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	      75.

       -scene value
	      image scene number.

       -size <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+offset}{!}
	      width and height of the image.

	      Use this option to specify the width and height of
	      raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as
	      GRAY, RGB, or CMYK.  In addition to width and
	      height, use -size to skip any header information in
	      the image or  tell the number of colors in a MAP
	      image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

       -stereo
	      combine two images into a red-green stereo image.

	      The left side of the stereo pair is saved as the
	      red channel of the output image.	The right sife is
	      saved as the green channel.  Red-blue stereo
	      glasses are required to properly view the stereo
	      image.

       -tile  repeat composite operation across image.

       -treedepth value
	      Normally, this integer value is zero or one.  A
	      zero or one tells combine to choose a optimal tree
	      depth for the color reduction algorithm.

	      An optimal depth generally allows the best repre-
	      sentation of the source image with the fastest com-
	      putational speed and the least amount of memory.
	      However, the default depth is inappropriate for
	      some images.  To assure the best representation,
	      try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.
	      Refer to quantize(9) for more details.

	      The -colors option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

       -verbose
	      print detailed information about the image.

	      This information is printed: image scene number;
	      image name;  combined image name; image size;  the
	      image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the
	      total number of unique colors;  and the number of
	      seconds to read and combine the image.

       Options are processed in command line order.  Any option
       you specify on the command line remains in effect until it
       is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with

ImageMagick		10 January 1993			8

combine(1)					     combine(1)

       a different effect.

       Change '-' to '+' in any option above to reverse its
       effect.	For example, specify +matte to store the image
       without its matte channel.

       By default, the image format is determined by its magic
       number. To specify a particular image format, precede the
       filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e.
       ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix
       (i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image
       formats.

       When you specify X as your image type, the filename has
       special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or
       root.  If no filename is specified, the window is selected
       by clicking the mouse in the desired window.

       Specify image as - for standard input, combined as - for
       standard output. If image has the extension .Z or .gz,
       the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip respec-
       tively.	If combined has the extension .Z or .gz, the file
       size is compressed using with compress or gzip respec-
       tively.	Finally, precede the image file name with | to
       pipe to or from a system command.

       Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file
       name to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution
       image format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a
       range for MPEG images (e.g. video.mpg[50-75]).  A subimage
       specification can be disjoint (e.g. image.tiff[2,7,4]).
       For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g.
       -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).

       The optional mask can be used to provide matte information
       for composite when it has none or if you want a different
       mask.  A mask image is typically grayscale and the same
       size as composite.  If the image is not grayscale, it is
       converted to grayscale and the resulting intensities are
       used as matte information.

       If combined already exists, you will be prompted as to
       whether it should be overwritten.

ENVIRONMENT
       display
	      To get the default host, display number, and
	      screen.

SEE ALSO
       display(1), animate(1), import(1), montage(1), mogrify(1),
       convert(1), xtp(1)

ImageMagick		10 January 1993			9

combine(1)					     combine(1)

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright 1997 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

       Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this
       software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby
       granted without fee, provided that the above copyright
       notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
       notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
       documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de
       Nemours and Company not be used in advertising or public-
       ity pertaining to distribution of the software without
       specific, written prior permission.  E. I. du Pont de
       Nemours and Company makes no representations about the
       suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is pro-
       vided "as is" without express or implied warranty.

       E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims all war-
       ranties with regard to this software, including all
       implied warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no
       event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable
       for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any
       damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or
       profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or
       other tortious action, arising out of or in connection
       with the use or performance of this software.

AUTHORS
       John Cristy, E.I. du Pont De Nemours and Company Incorpo-
       rated

ImageMagick		10 January 1993		       10

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